喀什地区不同程度低龄儿童龋患者口腔菌斑微生物多样性研究

doi:10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.09.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 目的: 通过基于16S rRNA基因的高通量测序,探讨喀什地区轻中重度低龄儿童龋患者口腔微生物菌群的组成特点。方法: 选取喀什地区低龄儿童龋病患者共24例,根据龋失补(Decay, Miss, Fill, DMFT)指数,对其进行分组:轻度低龄儿童龋(1≤DMFT≤2,D组);中度低龄儿童龋(3≤DMFT≤4,M组);重度低龄儿童龋(DMFT≥5,H组),每组各8名。收集相应的牙菌斑样本,采用高通量测序方法,比较3组患者口腔菌群组成特点及差异。结果: 轻中重度组样本中口腔微生物的多样性未见明显差异,微生物群落结构相对稳定。门水平上菌斑丰富度显著增高的主要包括厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、变形细菌门等,虽有相对丰度占比的变化但差异无统计学意义。属水平上菌斑丰富度较高的主要包括链球菌属、嗜二氧化碳噬细胞菌属、纤毛菌属、韦永氏球菌属、奈瑟氏菌属、普雷沃菌属、卟啉单胞菌属、球菌属、梭菌属、杆菌属等,其中链球菌属随着严重程度的增加,占比逐渐降低,轻度与中重度间占比具有统计学差异(P＜0.05)。与轻中度相比,重度低龄儿童龋患者中奈瑟氏菌属占比降低,普雷沃菌属占比增加,且都具有统计学差异(P＜0.05)。LefSe分析中轻度组中的链球菌属,奈瑟氏菌属,中度组的嗜二氧化碳细胞菌属,重度组的弯曲菌属、厌氧柱菌属等是显著生物标志物。结论: 轻中重度低龄儿童龋患者口腔菌斑微生物菌群整体结构相对稳定,部分菌群丰度增高,与低龄儿童龋严重程度有关。

关键词: 低龄儿童龋, 菌斑, 16S rRNA, 微生物多样性

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the compositional characteristics of oral microflora in patients with mild to moderate or severe low-grade childhood caries in Kashgar region by high-throughput sequencing based on 16S rRNA gene. Methods: A total of 24 patients with low-grade childhood caries in Kashgar area were selected and grouped according to the DMFT index: mild low-grade childhood caries (1≤DMFT≤2, group D); moderate low-grade childhood caries (3≤DMFT≤4, group M); and severe low-grade childhood caries (DMFT≥5, group H), with 8 patients in each group. The corresponding dental plaque samples were collected, and high-throughput sequencing methods were used to compare the characteristics and differences in oral flora composition among the three groups. Results: The diversity of oral microorganisms in the samples from the mild to moderate or severe group did not show significant differences, and the microbial community structure was relatively stable. At the phylum level, the plaque richness was significantly increased mainly in the phylum Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria, etc., and the differences were not statistically significant, although there were changes in the relative abundance ratio. Higher plaque abundance at the genus level mainly included Streptococcus, Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, Veillonella, Neisseria, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Gemella, Fusobacterium, Aggregatibacter, etc. Among them, the percentage of Streptococcus gradually decreased with increasing severity, and there was a statistically significant difference in the percentage between mild and moderately severe (P<0.05). The percentage of Neisseria decreased and the percentage of Prevotella increased in patients with severe early childhood caries compared with mild-moderate, and both were statistically different (P<0.05). Streptococcus and Neisseria in mild group, Capnocytophaga in moderate group, and Campylobacter and Anaerocolumna in severe group in the LefSe analysis were the significant Biomarker. Conclusion: The overall structure of oral plaque microflora is relatively stable in patients with mild to moderate or severe early childhood caries, and the increased abundance of some of them was related to the severity of early childhood caries.

Key words: early childhood caries, plaque, 16S rRNA, microbial diversity

陈意磊, 程梦可, 闫红娟, 沈玉凤, 仵楠, 陈敏. 喀什地区不同程度低龄儿童龋患者口腔菌斑微生物多样性研究[J]. 口腔医学研究, 2025, 41(9): 800-805.

CHEN Yilei, CHENG Mengke, YAN Hongjuan, SHEN Yufeng, WU Nan, CHEN Min. Study on Microbial Diversity of Oral Plaque in Patients with Different Levels of Low-grade Childhood Caries in Kashgar Region[J]. Journal of Oral Science Research, 2025, 41(9): 800-805.

参考文献

[1] 张琼,汪俊,夏斌,等.低龄儿童龋的临床管理专家共识[J].华西口腔医学杂志,2022,40(5):495-503.
[2] Ma SY, Zhou QN, Cai S, et al. A comparative study of microbial changes in dental plaque before and after single- and multiappointment treatments in patients with severe early childhood caries[J]. BMC Oral Health, 2024, 24(1):695.
[3] 彭扬帆,柳键,郑树国,等.我国2005年和2015年低龄儿童龋影响因素及其地区差异特征的变化情况分析[J].中国实用口腔科杂志,2023,16(6):713-722.
[4] 张婉婷,李艳,刘媛,等.喀什市3~5岁维吾尔族、汉族儿童患龋情况及风险性评估[J].中国微生态学杂志,2016,28(9):1044-1048.
[5] Li K, Wang J, Du N, et al. Salivary microbiome and metabolome analysis of severe early childhood caries[J]. BMC Oral Health, 2023, 23(1):30.
[6] Rajasekaran JJ, Krishnamurthy KH, Bosco J, et al. Oral microbiome: A review of its impact on oral and systemic health[J]. Microorganisms, 2024, 12(9):1797.
[7] 张婉婷.博州地区三民族不同龋敏感3-5岁儿童口腔微生物群落的宏基因组学研究[D].新疆医科大学,2019.
[8] Karched M, Alyahya A, Khalaf EM, et al. Comparative analysis of salivary cytokine profiles and oral microbial composition in caries-active and caries-free children[J]. J Dent, 2025, 154:105611.
[9] Khan MW, Cruz de Jesus V, Mittermuller BA, et al. Role of socioeconomic factors and interkingdom crosstalk in the dental plaque microbiome in early childhood caries[J]. Cell Rep, 2024, 43(8):114635.
[10] Shi Y, Wang G, Lau HC, et al. Metagenomic sequencing for microbial DNA in human samples: Emerging technological advances[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(4):2181.
[11] Wensel CR, Pluznick JL, Salzberg SL, et al. Next-generation sequencing: insights to advance clinical investigations of the microbiome[J]. J Clin Invest, 2022, 132(7):e154944.
[12] Xu X, Shan B, Zhang Q, et al. Oral microbiome characteristics in children with and without early childhood caries[J]. J Clin Pediatr Dent, 2023, 47(2):58-67.
[13] Yang Z, Cai T, Li Y, et al. Oral microbial communities in 5-year-old children with versus without dental caries[J]. BMC Oral Health, 2023, 23(1):400.
[14] 张侬,李高驰,蒋俊豪,等.低龄儿童龋病牙菌斑的菌群结构分析[J].中国微生态学杂志,2020,32(11):1279-1284.
[15] 李艳.汉族和维吾尔族低龄儿童龋流行病学调查及菌斑微生物的对比研究[D].新疆医科大学,2019.
[16] Rizzardi KF, Indiani CMDSP, Mattos-Graner RO, et al. Firmicutes levels in the mouth reflect the gut condition with respect to obesity and early childhood caries[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2021, 11:593734.
[17] 吴昊泽,张晓,程小刚,等.龋病和牙周病患者唾液菌群和代谢产物的比较研究[J].中华口腔医学杂志,2023,58(2):131-142.
[18] Zhang Y, Fang J, Yang J, et al. Streptococcus mutans-associated bacteria in dental plaque of severe early childhood caries[J]. J Oral Microbiol, 2022, 14(1):2046309.
[19] Wu R, Cui G, Cao Y, et al. Streptococcus mutans membrane vesicles enhance Candida albicans pathogenicity and carbohydrate metabolism[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2022, 12:940602.
[20] Zhu C, Yuan C, Ao S, et al. The predictive potentiality of salivary microbiome for the recurrence of early childhood caries[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2018, 8:423.