Patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have a poor prognosis whose 5-year survival rate is less than 50%. Early intervention in the oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) stage is necessary to improve survival rate and prognosis, oral leukoplakia (OLK) is the most common OPMDs. In order to understand the process of OSCC deeply, an ideal OLK animal model is in great request. In this paper, the common animal models of OLK were reviewed.

The abnormal appearance caused by dentofacial deformity can have a great psychological impact on patients. Orthognathic surgery is the main surgical method for treating deformity, and the evaluation of its postoperative effects is highly subjective. There are many clinical methods to predict facial changes after surgery. However, due to individual patient differences and software factors, the prediction results of different methods differ in each subunit of the face. The purpose of this review is to explore the research progress of three-dimensional prediction methods and artificial intelligence-based prediction methods for soft tissue after orthognathic surgery in the past ten years, and to evaluate the accuracy of different methods in postoperative prediction of various facial subunits, with a view to providing orthognathic surgeons with the option of surgical virtualization in the future.

The key to successful implant therapy is the formation of good osseointegration between the implant and the alveolar bone. Macrophage plasticity, however, plays a key role in all stages of osteogenesis and healing, and is involved in osseointegration after implant placement. Currently, the mechanisms behind macrophage plasticity are unclear, and further exploration of the interactions between immune cells and between them and macrophages is needed to search for targets of polarization reversibility. In this review, by summarizing macrophage origin, classification, polarization plasticity, and function, their role in regulating bone immunity after implant placement is concluded and the mechanism of osseointegration after implant placement from the osteoimmune level is elaborated, which will provide a theoretical basis for the design of implants with good osteoimmune effects, thus reducing the risk of implant placement failure.

Objective: To study the imaging changes of the anterior and posterior condyle at different time and mandibular positions. Methods: Three animal models, i.e.control group, increased vertical dimension group, and loss of occlusion group were constructed. The general changes of condylar process of rats were observed under stereomicroscope at 1 W, 2 W, 4 W, and 8 W respectively, and the subchondral morphological parameters of subchondral bone in the anterior and posterior parts of condylar process of rats were analyzed by Mirco CT. Results: Compared with the control group, there was no significant change in the subchondral morphological parameters of the anterior condylar bone in the increased vertical dimension group in the early stage, and bone resorption occurred at 8 W; however, bone was graduallycompensated since 2 W in the loss ofocclusion group.The condylar posterior subchondral bone in the increased vertical dimension group showed bone compensation in the early stage, and there was no significant difference compared with the control group at 8 W. In the loss of occlusion group, bone compensation occurred at all time periods. Conclusion: When the vertical distance increases or decreases, the subchondral bone of the rat condylar cartilage undergoes bone remodeling, but the degree and location of bone remodeling are not exactly the same.

Objective: To develop an algorithm for automatic localization and multiplanar reconstruction of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and to verify its accuracy and stability. Methods: In this study, the algorithm development included: (1) the maxillary and mandibular boundary lines were obtained with maximum density projection (MIP) on CBCT images; (2) the dental arch control points line was obtained with axial MIP and branch points deletion; (3) the endpoints on both sides of the dental arch line were the center points of the bilateral temporomandibular joints, and the sagittal and coronal reconstruction images of the temporomandibular joints were obtained with average intensity projection (AIP). Totally 190 CBCT image data from 3 different CBCT brands in our hospital were selected and imported into the developed software for automatic localization and multiplanar reconstruction of bilateral TMJs. Scoring were performed by 2 oral and dento-maxillofacial radiologists, the scoring was based on the results of automatic localization of condyle with maximum diameter, automatic sagittal and cortical reconstruction of bilateral TMJs respectively (0-4 scores). After 3 months, 30 CBCT images were randomly selected and imported into the software again for automatic localization and reconstruction, and the stability of the software was evaluated. Results: The algorithm developed in this study was able to automatic localize and reconstruct bilateral TMJs. The mean scores of automatic localizations and multiplanar reconstruction of bilateral TMJs were 3.33, 3.13, and 3.51 for 3 different CBCT devices’ images, respectively. There were no significant differences among them (P>0.05). And the algorithm showed perfect stability (Kappa=1). Conclusion: The algorithm based on maximum density projection and mean density projection could be used for automatic localization and multiplanar reconstruction of TMJs on different brands of CBCT images.

Objective: To explore the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging characteristics of florid cemento-osseous dysplasias (FLCOD). Methods: Clinical and CBCT data from patients diagnosed with FLCOD were collected, and the imaging characteristics of the patients were analyzed. Results: Among the 37 patients with FLCOD, the incidence rate was high in women over 30 years old, accounting for approximately 94.6%. In the 37 cases of FLCOD, 125 quadrants were involved, including 394 teeth with 25 missing teeth. The lesions predominantly occurred in the mandibular posterior region, accounting for about 44.2%.The density of the lesions within the jawbone was mainly high density and mixed density. There was a low-density shadows around the FLCOD lesions. In the maxillary posterior tooth area, low-density shadows were partially present in 36 cases (31.9%) of the lesions. The cortical bone in the lesion area may become thin, perforated, and the jaw bone may become swollen, with the highest probability of thinning in the anterior mandibular lesion area, about 60 cases (76.9%). Important anatomical structures within the jawbone, such as the maxillary sinus and the mandibular nerve canal, may also be involved in this disease. The affected teeth may exhibit imaging manifestations such as root resorption, cementum hyperplasia, and blurred periodontal membrane images. Conclusion: FLCOD is a rare, extensive bone metabolism abnormality occurring within the jawbone, with a high incidence rate in middle-aged women, predominantly in the mandibular posterior region. CBCT can accurately reflect the density of the lesion area and minute structural changes, which can enhance the oral physician's understanding of FLCOD and reduce the misdiagnosis rate.

Objective: To study the feasibility of maxillary anterior root tip region as autologous bone donor region based on cone beam CT. Methods: A total of 158 patients admitted to our hospital from September 2022 to July 2024 were selected as the study objects. All patients underwent CBCT examination. According to tooth position, the patients were divided into group A: central incisor group (n=88) and group B: lateral incisor group (n=70). After 1∶1 orientation matching, the last two groups each contained 60 patients. CBCT parameters and the occurrence of CS were compared between two groups. The relationship between CBCT parameters and CS opening diameter and branches was analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression. Threshold effect was used to analyze the relationship between CBCT parameters and CS occurrence. Results: There were no significant differences in all indexes between two groups after propensity matching (P>0.05), which was comparable. The height of labial bone, the width of infrasasal square bone, the thickness of labial cortical bone above the root tip, and the thickness of infrasasal cortical bone above the root tip in group B were higher than those in group A, and the height of palatine bone and the width above the root tip were lower than those in group A, and the differences between two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of CS was 13.33% in group A and 33.33% in group B, which was significantly higher than that in group A, and the difference in the incidence of CS between two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). The number of CS pipeline branches in group B was more than that in group A, the diameter of CS opening and the distance between CS opening on the palatal side and alveolar crest were greater than that in group A, and the distance between CS opening on the nasal base and alveolar crest was smaller than that in group A. The differences in CA pipeline branches and CS opening and the distance between two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in tooth position, labial bone height, palatine bone height, labial cortical bone thickness above the root tip, and nasal cortex bone thickness between CS developing group and non-developing group (P<0.05). The height of labial bone, the width of subnasal quadrate bone, the thickness of labial cortical bone above the root tip, and the thickness of subnasal cortical bone were risk factors for CS duct branch, the distance of nasal CS opening from alveolar crest and the diameter of CS opening, and were protective factors for the distance of palatal CS opening from alveolar crest. The risk of CS increased with the increase of the height of labial bone, the width of subnasal quadrate bone, the thickness of labial cortical bone above the root tip, and the thickness of subnasal cortical bone. The risk of CS decreased with the increase of palatine bone height and apical bone width. Conclusion: The apical area of maxillary anterior tooth can be used as the bone donor area to satisfy the small and medium bone defects. CS mainly occurs in the lateral incisor, and the palatal opening of the central incisor is closer to the crest of the alveolar ridge. Attention should be given to maintaining a safe distance when bone extraction is performed.

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics and surgical treatment methods of impacted supernumerary teeth. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 296 patients with impacted supernumerary teeth who were hospitalized in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at our hospital from January 2023 to January 2024, including their gender, age, number and location of supernumerary teeth, clinical manifestations, complications, and surgical methods on embedded teeth in maxillary anterior segment. Results: A total of 500 supernumerary teeth were found in 296 patients, with the highest incidence rate at the age of 6-12 years. The male to female ratio was 2.33∶1, and it increased with the number of supernumerary teeth. The highest number was single teeth (52.03%), followed by double teeth (38.51%), and rare occurrences of three or more teeth (9.46%). The most common location was in the maxillary anterior region (79.40%), followed by the premolar region (13.40%) and the molar region (7.20%). The most common clinical complications were delayed eruption and impaction of permanent teeth, and in a few cases, jaw cysts may also occur. The selection of labial approach for surgical incision accounted on embedded teeth in maxillary anterior segment for 23%, with gingival incision accounting for 83.3% and vestibular groove incision accounting for 16.7%. The palatal approach accounted for 77%, with gingival incision accounting for 93.6% and local small incision accounting for 6.4%. The surgical time ranged from 15 to 150 minutes, with an average of about 25 minutes. The average surgical duration for embedded supernumerary teeth located under the mucosa or adjacent to the crown of permanent teeth was (9.34±2.21) minutes, while for those deeply embedded in the bone or positioned adjacent to the root of permanent teeth, the average duration was (35.43±4.65) minutes. Conclusion: The clinical manifestations of embedded supernumerary teeth in this study exhibit distinct characteristics: the male-to-female ratio tends to increase with the number of supernumerary teeth involved. The location and number of supernumerary teeth may impact the surgical complexity.

Objective: To explore the factors related to the failure of mandibular angle fractures treated by internal fixation on the external oblique. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 39 cases of mandibular angle fractures treated with internal fixation on the external oblique line from January 2013 to October 2023. The patients were divided into the successful group and the failed group according to the image at postoperative review, and compared in terms of age, gender, combined medical diseases, combined multiple fractures, combined mandibular third molar, time from injury to surgery, postoperative infection, postoperative bite relationship, poor bite relationship, and other factors. Results: All patients were followed up for more than 1 year, and 6 patients (15.38%) had internal fixation failure after surgery, including 2 cases of titanium nail drift, 2 cases of fracture suture enlargement, 1 case of internal fixation fracture, and 1 case of fracture end dislocation. The fractures of the remaining patients were healed. The results of univariate analysis showed that there were differences between the successful and failed groups in the combination of multiple fractures, postoperative infection, and poor recovery of postoperative occlusal relationship. Conclusion: The failure rate of mandibular angle fracture fixed on the lateral oblique line is still high. Patients with multiple fractures need to be carefully evaluated and determined before surgery. Attention should be paid to prevent wound infection after surgery, and intermaxillary traction should be persisted to adjust the occlusion, so as to reduce the failure rate of postoperative internal fixation.

Objective: To investigate the regulatory role of C-X-C motif ligand 12 (CXCL12)-C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4/7 (CXCR4/7) axis in the foreign body response (FBR) around titanium implants. Methods: The effects of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and titanium (Ti) on the expression of CXCR4 and CXCR7 of macrophages were detected by flow cytometry. Besides, macrophage typing and the expression of related inflammatory cytokines were detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and flow cytometry. Animal models of implant foreign body reaction were constructed. The experimental animals were divided into four groups: the titanium implant group, the titanium implant group injected with AMD3100, the PMMA implant group, and the PMMA implant with simvastatin (Sim) injection. Then, the expression of CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 pathway, the function of macrophages, and the foreign body reaction around the implant were detected by immunohistochemical staining, immunofluorescence staining, and HE staining. Results: In vitro experiments showed that titanium promoted the increase of CXCR4 expression and the decrease of CXCR7 expression on macrophages, and the transformation of macrophages into anti-inflammatory types. Immunohistochemical staining showed that CXCR4 was highly expressed and CXCR7 was low around Ti implant, while the PMMA group was opposite. Immunofluorescence staining of macrophages showed that the number of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in the titanium group was significantly higher than that in the PMMA group at all time points, and HE staining showed that the FBR in the titanium group was mild. When CXCR4 antagonists or CXCR7 antagonists were added, respectively, the peri-implant conditions of titanium and PMMA implants were reversed. Conclusion: The CXCRL12-CXCR4/7 axis can be a new target for regulating the FBR around titanium implants.

Objective: To investigate the effect of different bone inclinations on the accuracy of dental implant robot. Methods: Three kinds of bone inclination models (45°, 60°, and 90°) were designed. The models were scanned by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), and the data were imported into the robot system for implant planning. Under the guidance of the robot,a total of 90 implants were implanted at three bone inclinations. The deviation between preoperative implant and actual implantation position was compared by CBCT scan after operation. The main measurement indexes were implant angle deviation, and total deviation of entry and apex. Results: In the 45°, 60°, and 90° groups, the entry deviations were (0.52±0.15) mm, (0.36±0.13) mm, and (0.34±0.15) mm, respectively, the apical deviations were (0.64±0.19) mm, [0.46 (0.42,0.55)] mm, and (0.37±0.15) mm, respectively, and the angle deviations were (1.27±0.22)°, (1.09±0.21)°, and (0.48±0.22)°, respectively (P< 0.05). There were also statistically significant differences in the entry level and depth deviations and the apical level and depth deviations of the apical point (P<0.05). Conclusion: The dental implant robotic system achieved high implant accuracy at all three bone inclinations, demonstrating good clinical outcomes. However, there were differences in accuracy between different bone inclinations.

Objective: To investigate the role and molecular mechanism of Annexin A2 (ANXA2) in inflammatory injury of ATDC5 cells induced by IL-1β. Methods: After injecting the temporomandibular joint of mice with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) or saline for 2 weeks,the condylar sections were analyzed the expression level of ANXA2 in arthritis cartilage. qRT-PCR was used to detect the effects of different concentrations of IL-1β on ANXA2 and cartilage anabolism markers SRY-box transcription factor 9 (Sox9) and collagen type Ⅱ alphal chain (Col2a1), cartilage catabolism markers matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin 5 (Adamts5), and inflammatory response-related factors cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in ATDC5 cells. After ATDC5 cells were transfected with lentiviruses that knocked down and overexpressed ANXA2, transfection efficiency was detected by Western blotting. qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the effects of ANXA2 on the mRNA and protein expressions of cartilage catabolism, anabolism, and inflammation-related factors in ATDC5 cells under physiological and inflammatory conditions, respectively. Western blot was used to detect the phosphorylation levels of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), as well as the protein expression levels of SOX9, MMP-13, and iNOS after the addition of the YAP inhibitor Verteporfin. Results: The condylar cartilage of MIA-induced temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis mice significantly degenerated, and the expression of ANXA2 in arthritic cartilage increased.As the concentration of IL-1β increased, the expression of cartilage anabolism markers decreased, while the expression of cartilage catabolism and inflammatory response markers and ANXA2 increased significantly.Knockdown of ANXA2 inhibited cartilage anabolism under inflammatory conditions and promoted cartilage catabolism and the expression of inflammatory-related factors; overexpression of ANXA2 showed the opposite results.Overexpression of ANXA2 promoted YAP phosphorylation under inflammatory conditions and inhibited p38 phosphorylation. Inhibition of YAP could partially reverse the protective effect of ANXA2 on inflammatory injury in ATDC5 cells. Conclusion: ANXA2 improves IL-1β-induced inflammatory injury of ATDC5 cells partially by regulating YAP and p38 MAPK pathways.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. MALT lymphoma is often secondary to Sjögren's syndrome (SS). This paper reports 2 cases of SS complicated with MALT lymphomain parotid. It is difficult to distinguish parotid MALT lymphoma from common diseases such as mumps and benign tumors of the parotid gland. Clinicians should be vigilant during diagnosis and treatment, since the combination of SS will increase the risk of MALT lymphoma.

Orthodontic patients are often accompanied by the change of periodontal tissue in the process of tooth movement. Due to the thin thickness of keratinized gingiva and alveolar bone plate in the labial side of the upper and lower anterior teeth, some patients may have labial buccal dehiscence or fenestration in the process of tooth movement. It even causes tooth loosening and gingival retreatment. This paper reports a case of orthodontic treatment with periodontal assisted accelerated osteogenesis for a patient with upper and lower anterior teeth with buccal bone fracture. Good bone tissue increment and stable orthodontic treatment were obtained.

Branchio-oto-renal spectrum disorders (BORSD) is a complex and rare autosomal dominant inherited deafness syndrome. Branchio-oto-renal syndrome (BORS) is the main clinical condition. Branchio-oto syndrome (BOS) can be called if there is no obvious renal abnormality. A case of BOS associated with nephrolithiasis is reported.

This article systematically documents the complete treatment process of a case with generalized stage Ⅱ grade B periodontitis, following the S3-level clinical practice guidelines of the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP). By demonstrating the synergistic effects of initial periodontal therapy and supportive periodontal care (SPC), we aim to enhance dental practitioners' understanding of standardized periodontal treatment. Clinical practice has proven that standardized initial periodontal therapy combined with long-term SPC monitoring can effectively control disease progression, maintain treatment outcomes, and reduce recurrence risk. This systematic treatment approach provides a reliable clinical solution for reducing the burden of periodontal diseases.