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Difficulties in the Establishment of Peri-implant Soft Tissue Sealing and Improving Strategies JI Ping 2021, 37(4): 279-283.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.001 Abstract ( 322 )   PDF (962KB) ( 490 )   Stable soft tissue sealing around dental implants is essential for the prevention of microbial invasion and the long-term success of implant-supported prosthesis. It is composed of the epithelial attachment and the connective tissue attachment, which are weaker compared with the soft tissue sealing around natural teeth. The sealing is susceptible to detrimental external stimulates and inflammatory peri-implant diseases. Therefore, it is of great importance to promote the establishment of soft tissue sealing for the long-term success of the dental implants. This review will analyze the reasons underlying the difficulty in establishing and maintaining a stable peri-implant soft tissue sealing, and summarize the methods for improving it, so as to provide a comprehensive review for the researchers and clinicians. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overviews of Research on Coadherence between Fusobacterium Nucleatum and Common Oral Microorganisms LI Yiyang, ZHOU Xuedong 2021, 37(4): 284-287.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.002 Abstract ( 322 )   PDF (870KB) ( 537 )   Fusobacterium nucleatum is the most common Fusobacterium species in the oral cavity. Fusobacterium nucleatum may exist as a type of commensal bacteria acting as a bridge between early and late colonizing bacteria. It can also act as pathogenic bacteria in the development of oral diseases. The interactions between Fusobacterium nucleatum and the other oral microbes may affect the interactions between oral microbes and host cells, which in turn determine the health of the host. Bacterial adhesion is the first step that bacteria integrate into the biofilms and then invade the host cells. This article reviews the coadherence and the possible interactions between Fusobacterium nucleatum and common oral microorganisms. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress in Minimally Invasive Treatment for Orthodontically Induced Enamel Demineralization GUO Feiyang, HUA Fang 2021, 37(4): 288-291.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.003 Abstract ( 263 )   PDF (778KB) ( 413 )   The existence of orthodontic appliances can bring difficulty to oral hygiene management, lead to dental plaque accumulation and the resultant enamel demineralization-one of the most common complications of orthodontic treatment. Enamel demineralization mainly presents as white spot lesions remaining on the tooth surface after orthodontic treatment, which not only affects the aesthetic of teeth and the patient's satisfaction with the treatment, but also may develop into dental caries and thereby endanger oral health and function. In recent years, more and more dentists and patients have started to pay attention to oral minimally invasive treatment. The present article reviews the research progress of minimally invasive treatment to orthodontic enamel demineralization including microabrasion, resin infiltration, tooth bleaching, laser, and so on, in order to provide the latest literature evidence and assist clinicians in their decision-making. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress and Application of Synthetic Nanosilicates in Biomedical Field WANG Mingxia, LIU Zhihui 2021, 37(4): 292-295.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.004 Abstract ( 319 )   PDF (782KB) ( 1184 )   Nanosilicates inorganic material synthesized by artificial methods has a nano-scale 2D structure. Its excellent physical and chemical properties as well as rich electrochemical characteristics have been widely used in the field of daily chemical, food, and sanitary materials. The good biocompatibility, certain antibacterial properties, and promotion of stem cell proliferation and differentiation have made it a potential to be applied in the field of biomedicine. This article mainly reviews the research progress of synthetic nanosilicates in biomedicine, the delivery of drug molecules, proteins, and growth factors, protection of skin and mucous membrane as a barrier, and as synthesize scaffold materials to regulate stem cell proliferation and differentiation in tissue engineering. Finally, the paper looks forward to the application of nanosilicates in the stomatology. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Ankyloglossia and Its Therapies YAN Zhiling, HE Xiaoling 2021, 37(4): 296-299.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.005 Abstract ( 280 )   PDF (774KB) ( 634 )   Ankyloglossia is a congenital condition characterized by an abnormally short, thickened, or tight lingual frenulum that restricts tongue mobility. The ankyloglossia reduces tongue mobility to varying degree and is associated with breastfeeding, swallowing, articulation, and orthodontic problems including malocclusion, open bite, and separation of lower incisors. The influence of ankyloglossia on breastfeeding and articulation is widely discussed and controversial. This article reviews the clinical classification and diagnostic methods of ankyloglossia, the ankyloglossia's relation to breastfeeding or articulation, and the treatment of ankyloglossia. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expressions of Bcl-2 and p53 Proteins in Gingival Hyperplasia ZHANG Rui, LIU Jiaoyan, LI Dechun, ZHANG Mingzhu, PENG Yi, SHUI Yanqing 2021, 37(4): 300-303.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.006 Abstract ( 168 )   PDF (2823KB) ( 167 )   Objective: To study the expressions of Bcl-2 protein and p53 protein in gingival hyperplasia, and to explore their correlation with the anti-apoptotic mechanism of gingival hyperplasia. Methods: 11 cases of gingival hyperplasia caused by inflammation in accordance with the clinical diagnosis were selected as the experimental group and 11 cases of normal gingival tissue as the control group. The expressions of Bcl-2 and p53 proteins in the hyperplastic and normal gingival tissue were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results: The positive expressions of Bcl-2 protein and p53 protein in hyperplastic gingival tissue were both significantly higher than those in normal gingival tissue (P<0.05). Conclusion: Bcl-2 protein and p53 protein play an important role in gingival hyperplasia, and the anti-apoptosis may involve in the pathogenesis of gingival hyperplasia. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of Key Biomarkers and Immune Infiltration in Human Gingival Tissue of Periodontitis by Bioinformatics Analysis WANG Zihui, GAO Hongyu, MO Feifei, TIAN Guangjie, WANG Yonglan 2021, 37(4): 304-309.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.007 Abstract ( 408 )   PDF (3349KB) ( 708 )   Objective: To identify the key biomarkers and immune infiltration in gingival tissue of periodontitis by bioinformatics analysis. Methods: The gene expression profiles of GSE10334, GSE16134, and GSE23586 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. The differentially expressed genes were identified by the LIMMA package. PPI network was constructed to determine hub genes by using STRING and Cytoscape. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to analyze the immune infiltration of periodontal soft tissue between periodontitis and healthy controls. Results: A total of 129 differentially expressed genes were identified. Based on the PPI network, 10 hub genes were identified, which were significantly enriched in various cellular physiological activities and signal pathways such as chemokine and cytokine activity, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction signals pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, and IL-17 signaling pathway. Compared with the healthy control, the gingival tissue of periodontitis contained a higher proportion of naive B cells, plasma cells, naive CD4+T cells, activated memory CD4+T cells, monocytes, M1 macrophages, and neutrophils (P<0.05). Conclusion: The functional analysis of hub genes and the difference of immune infiltration in gingival tissue between periodontitis and healthy control could provide new insights for understanding the development and pathogenesis mechanism of periodontitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Strontium Ranelate on Alveolar Bone Remodeling in Experimental Periodontitis Rats LIANG Xiangyang, LI Chunnian 2021, 37(4): 310-313.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.008 Abstract ( 170 )   PDF (3195KB) ( 208 )   Objective: To evaluate the effects of strontium ranelate on experimental periodontitis rats. Methods: Fifty 3-month-old male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups (10 rats/group): normal group (group A), periodontitis group (group B), periodontitis with locally treating group (group C), periodontitis with strontium ranelate treating group (group D), and periodontitis with locally treating + strontium ranelate treating group (group E). Periodontitis model was established in group B, C, D, and E. Group C was treated by local drug application. Group D was treated by intragastric administration with strontium ranelate. Group E was treated by local drug application and intragastric administration. The rats were sacrificed after 8 weeks of periodontal treatment and drug treatment. The number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in per periodontal unit area was counted. Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining were performed to evaluate the alveolar bone metabolism. Results: After local treatment and strontium ranelate treatment, the inflammation of periodontal tissue was reduced, and periodontal pockets became shallower, the osteoclasts stained with TRAP in per unit area decreased significantly, and the osteoblasts stained with ALP increased significantly. Conclusion: Strontium ranelate, as a therapeutic agent for osteoporosis, can also have a certain effect on the treatment of experimental periodontitis, and provide new idea for the comprehensive treatment of periodontitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Modification of Rat Model with Peri-implantitis LI Xingjia, CHEN Qixin, YUAN Changyong, WANG Penglai 2021, 37(4): 314-318.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.009 Abstract ( 350 )   PDF (1973KB) ( 388 )   Objective: To simplify the steps and shorten the time of reconstruction of rat peri-implantitis model. Methods: The maxillary first molars of 16 rats were extracted, and titanium implants were implanted one month later. After 4 weeks, silk thread ligation was used to induce inflammation and the rats were fed with sugar water. Two weeks later, the rats were sacrificed, the maxilla was taken X-rays for imaging analysis, bone tissue slices were made, and the gingival tissue around the implant was extracted for immunohistochemical analysis. Results: Two weeks after ligation, peri-implantitis was successfully induced. There was not only soft tissue inflammation around the implant, but also bone tissue resorption at various degrees. Conclusion: The model of rat peri-implantitis has been successfully constructed, with convenience and short modeling cycle. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Static Orthodontic Pressure Regulates the Expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in Periodontal Ligament Cells via p38MAPK Pathway ZHANG Xun, LIN Yuanyuan, TIAN Qunli 2021, 37(4): 319-324.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.010 Abstract ( 205 )   PDF (2900KB) ( 167 )   Objective: To instigate the regulation effects of static pressure on the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) and to explore related pathways. Methods: PDLCs were cultured in vitro. Cells of 4-7 generations were randomly divided into 5 groups, i.e. 0, 2 g/cm2(24 h), 2 g/cm2(48 h), 4 g/cm2(24 h), and 4 g/cm2(48 h) groups. Continuous static pressure was used to detect cell morphology and skeleton F-actin. The effect of continuous static pressure on the expression of MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-9 was observed by western blot. Related MAPK pathways including JNK, ERK, and p38MAPK in the static pressure induced expression of MMPs were studied by western blotting. p38MAPK blocker SB203580 was added into each groups, and the effect of p38MAPK was observed by western blot and immunofluorescence. Results: Under different continuous static pressures, there was no obvious change in the morphology of PCLCs. F-actin staining showed no significant difference in cytoskeleton. Western blotting showed that static pressure had no significant effect on the expression of MMP-8, and the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly up-regulated. This upregulation was related to the p38MAPK pathway, but not to the JNK and ERK pathways. Conclusion: Continuous static pressure regulates the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in periodontal ligament cells. This regulation is related to the p38MAPK pathway but JNK and ERK pathways. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Cement Space on Retention of CAD/CAM PMMA Provisional Crowns LUO Youcheng, ZHAO Jian, YANG Shuang, WU Zhe 2021, 37(4): 325-329.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.011 Abstract ( 236 )   PDF (1409KB) ( 188 )   Objective: To explore the effect of cement space on the retention of CAD/CAM PMMA provisional crown. Methods: Five first premolars extracted for orthodontics were selected and prepared according to the standard of full crown tooth preparation. Intraoral scanner (CS3600) and Exo-cad software were used to complete the design of full anatomical PMMA crown. The samples were divided into 6 groups according to the setting of cement space. Among them, the cement space within the finish line 2 mm was 0 μm, and the cement space above the finish line 2 mm was set to 20 μm, 40 μm, and 60 μm, respectively, which were named as group 0-20, group 0-40, and group 0-60. The cement space within the finish line 2 mm was 20 μm, and the cement space above the finish line 2 mm was set to 20 μm, 40 μm, and 60 μm, respectively, which were named as group 20-20, group 20-40, and group 20-60. PMMA full crowns were made by chair side milling machine (n=5, N=30). The marginal suitability and stability of the restoration were evaluated by tactile-visual evaluation. The edge gap was measured by stereo zoom microscope. The retention force was detected by tensile test with a universal testing machine. The data were analyzed by SPSS 19.0 statistical software. Results: With the setting of different cement space parameters, the average marginal gap of the CAD/CAM PMMA crowns (P＜0.001) met the clinical requirements. Among them, the average marginal gap of group 0-20 was the largest (83±6) μm, and the mean marginal gap of group 20-60 was the smallest (37±5) μm (P<0.05). There was a negative correlation between marginal gap and cement space. There was significant difference in the retention of PMMA full crown with different cement space parameters. Among them, the retention force of group 20-20 was the highest [(61±6) MPa] and group 0-60 was the lowest [(39±5) MPa]. Conclusion: The retention and stability of CAD/CAM PMMA full crown restoration can achieve satisfactory results when the cement space is set to 20-20 μm. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Veneer Type and Resin Cement on Margin Adaptation and Microleakage of Ceramic Veneer LI Ya, YUAN Shuo, CHEN Zhiyu, LI Meikang, MA Xiaoping 2021, 37(4): 330-334.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.012 Abstract ( 158 )   PDF (2470KB) ( 234 )   Objective: To investigate the influence of veneer type and resin cement on margin adaptation and microleakage of ceramic veneer. Methods: Thirty-six maxillary central incisors were selected and received veneer preparation, then randomly divided into 4 groups. Group A:IPS e.max press veneer + RelyXTM Veneer; Group B:IPS e.max press veneer + Vitique; Group C:CEREC Blocs CAD/CAM veneer+ RelyXTM Veneer;Group D: CEREC Blocs CAD/CAM veneer+ Vitique. All teeth underwent a thermocycle aging process and immersed in 2% methylene blue solution. The margin adaptation and dye infiltration depth were measured under the stereomicroscope at different axis section. Results: The margin spaces of four groups were (0.037±0.007) mm, (0.044±0.012) mm, (0.046±0.014) mm, and (0.038±0.004) mm, respectively. The dye infiltration depths of four groups were (0.143±0.085) mm, (0.148±0.087) mm, (0.236±0.074) mm, and (0.158±0.036) mm, respectively. There was no significant difference between groups, however, significant difference in the dye penetration depth between different sections of group B, C, and D. Conclusion: More serious microleakage was often detected at the mesio and distal section of the single veneer. The veneer type and resin cement impose no particular influence on average margin adaptation and microleakage. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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In vitro Study of Color and Translucency Stability of Zirconia and Glass-ceramic LIU Xiaoqiang, LIU Mingyue, YANG Yang, CHEN Li, ZHOU Jianfeng, TAN Jianguo 2021, 37(4): 335-338.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.013 Abstract ( 230 )   PDF (1109KB) ( 276 )   Objective: To evaluate the color and translucency of zirconia and glass ceramic after ultraviolet aging. Methods: Forty-eight specimens (n=12) of high-translucent zirconia, low-translucent zirconia, high-translucent glass-ceramic, and low-translucent glass-ceramic were prepared (1.60±0.02 mm thickness) and polished by 600 mesh emery sandpaper. The L*a*b* color measurements were performed using a spectroradiometer under gray, black, and white background. Color and translucency values of the specimens before and after ultraviolet aging (λ=253.7 nm, 250 w/m2) for 12h and 24h were evaluated. Color changes (ΔE) were considered to be visually perceptible when ΔE > 1.0 and clinically acceptable when ΔE<3.3. Results: After ultraviolet aging for 12h and 24h, ΔE of high-translucent zirconia were (3.33±0.78) and (6.00±0.84), ΔE of low-translucent zirconia were (1.53±0.42) and (3.45±0.40), respectively. These color changes were visually perceptible with clinical significance (ΔE＞1.0), and the color change of high-translucent zirconia was more prominent than that of low-translucent zirconia (P<0.05). The ΔE of high-translucent and low-translucent glass-ceramics after ultraviolet aging were less than 1.0 and visually imperceptible. The translucencies of 4 ceramics decreased significantly after ultraviolet aging for 12 h and 24 h (P<0.05). The translucency changes of high-translucent zirconia were (-3.62±0.76) after ultraviolet aging for 12 h and (-4.59±0.75) after ultraviolet aging for 24 h, which were significantly remarkable than those of other 3 ceramics (P<0.05). Conclusion: The color change of high-translucent zirconia after ultraviolet aging exceeded the clinically acceptable level, and the translucency of it decreased significantly. The color and translucency of low-translucent zirconia and both glass-ceramics were less affected by ultraviolet aging. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Speed Sintering System on Mechanical Properties of Zirconia LI Yifan, ZHOU Zhiwei, WANG Zhenhua 2021, 37(4): 339-343.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.014 Abstract ( 204 )   PDF (2782KB) ( 334 )   Objective: To investigate the changes of density, apparent porosity, Vickers hardness, flexural strength, and other performance of specimens at speed sintering conditions which met the requirements of dental zirconia mechanical properties under conventional sintering conditions. Methods: Specimens were prepared by the process of second sinter. Firstly, 22 specimens were prepared by the process of pre-sinter, of which 8 were long strips and 14 were discs. The pre-sintered blanks were divided equally into two groups for final sintering: the speed sintering group (SS) and the conventional sintering group (CS). The effects of two sintering system on the density, apparent porosity, Vickers hardness, flexural strength, and surface morphology of the self-made specimens were compared by related analysis. Results: The density of self-made zirconia prepared by speed sintering was similar to that prepared by conventional sintering method (P>0.05). The Vickers hardness and apparent porosity of speed sintering were higher than those of conventional sintering group (P<0.05), and the flexural strength was slightly lower than that of conventional sintering group (P<0.05). The crystal grains of the specimens prepared by speed sintering were smaller and denser, but the arrangement of the crystal grains was not well-distributed compared with the conventional sintering group, and the pores were visible. Conclusion: The speed sintering system will have great developmental potential in the future. However, the preparation has higher requirements. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Benzalkonium Chloride Modified Adhesive on Long-term Bond Strength of Dentin-resin MOU Wenbo, CHENG Yao, DONG Bo 2021, 37(4): 344-348.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.015 Abstract ( 169 )   PDF (2637KB) ( 604 )   Objective: To evaluate the effect of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) modified adhesive on the long-term bond strength of dentin-resin. Methods: BAC was added to the 8th generation single bond universal (SBU) of American 3M to make modified adhesives with different concentrations. One hundred third molars stored in thymol solution were randomly divided into 10 groups (n=10): A and A1 groups: 0.25% BAC; B and B1 groups: 0.5% BAC; C and C1 groups: 1% BAC; D and D1: 2% BAC; and E and E1: control group. The specimens in groups A, B, C, D, and E were subjected to shear strength test (SBS) and the fracture mode was counted. The specimens in groups A1, B1, C1, D1, and E1 were subjected to micro-tensile test (μTBS) and the fracture mode was counted. Results: In the shear strength and micro-tensile strength experiments, the strength of the treatment group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). The results of group D and group C were statistically different (P=0.01). Group D1 was statistically significant compared with group B1 and group C1 (P<0.05). The fracture mode was mainly mixed fracture, followed by bonding surface fracture and cohesive fracture. Conclusion: In the full-etching bonding mode, adding benzalkonium chloride to the resin adhesive cannot improve the long-term bonding strength between the dentin and the resin, which may be caused by the damaged physical and chemical properties of the adhesive. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Baicalein and Puerarin on Dentin Bonding Durability MOU Yaqun, GAO Shijun, RU Xiaona, YIN Tong, XIAO Yuanyuan, CHU Minghui, LIU Miao 2021, 37(4): 349-353.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.016 Abstract ( 153 )   PDF (2832KB) ( 144 )   Objective: To investigate the effects of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor baicalein and puerarin combination with ethanol wet bonding on the durability of dentin bonding. Methods: 128 isolated teeth were selected and randomly divided into 8 groups, 16 in each group. Group A was control group, group B was treated with ethanol, groups C, D and E were treated with 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.5% baicalein ethanol. Group F-H were treated with 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.5% puerarin ethanol, and 8 specimens were randomly selected for aging treatment in each group. Each group of specimens was subjected to shear strength test, fracture mode analysis, and scanning electron microscope observation of the mixed layer. Results: The immediate shear strengths of group C-H were higher than those of group A and B (P<0.05). The shear strengths of group C-H were not significantly reduced after aging (P>0.05), however, the shear strengths of group A and B were significantly reduced after aging (P<0.05). Scanning electron microscope observation found that the resin densification degree of mixed layer in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group. Conclusion: The wet bonding of baicalin and puerarin combined with ethanol can improve the immediate bonding strength of dentin and enhance the duration of dentine bonding. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Aberrant Expression of IGF2BP2 Promotes Proliferation and Invasion of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma HU Yaying, CHEN Wen, ZHANG Jiali 2021, 37(4): 354-359.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.017 Abstract ( 195 )   PDF (2831KB) ( 183 )   Objective: To explore the effects of aberrant expressed IGF2BP2 on proliferation and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: High-throughput RNA sequencing was performed on four pairs of OSCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues to screen differentially expressed RNA binding proteins. siRNA was used to reduce the expression of IGF2BP2 in OSCC cell lines. The effects of IGF2BP2 on proliferation and invasion were determined by CCK-8 and Transwell Assay. The target genes of IGF2BP2 were analyzed by Improved RIP-seq and mRNA-seq, and the main signal pathways of IGF2BP2 target genes were obtained by KEGG analysis. Results: The abundance and up-regulation of IGF2BP2 was the most significantly in the RNA-binding proteins in OSCC (P<0.01). The decreased IGF2BP2 inhibited the proliferation and invasion of OSCC cell lines. The target genes of IGF2BP2 were mainly enriched in Axon Guidance, Focal expression, Rap1 signaling pathway, Pathways in Cancer, and MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusion: IGF2BP2 is increased in OSCC and may promote tumor progression by affecting cell proliferation and adherence-related signaling pathways. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression and Significance of MMP-9, COX-2, and NF-κB in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ZHANG Xu, LIU Jiawen 2021, 37(4): 360-365.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.018 Abstract ( 181 )   PDF (1820KB) ( 121 )   Objective: To explore the expression and significance of MMP-9, COX-2, and NF-κB in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissues. Methods: qRT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression levels in 80 cases of OSCC tissues. Correlation of MMP-9, COX-2, and NF-κB in OSCC tissues was analyzed using the Pearson method. OSCC patients were followed for 3 years, Kaplan-Meier was used to analyze the survival, and Log-Rank method was used to detect the survival differences between groups. COX regression analysis was used to detect the risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients. Results: Compared with the normal group, the levels of MMP-9, COX-2, NF-κB mRNA and protein in OSCC tissues were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the normal group, the positive expressions of MMP-9, COX-2, and NF-κB proteins in the OSCC group were enhanced (P<0.05). MMP-9 was positively correlated with COX-2 (r=0.356, P=0.012) and NF-κB (r=0.312, P=0.005), and COX-2 was positively correlated with NF-κB (r=0.619, P=0.000). MMP-9, COX-2, and NF-κB were closely related to the pathological grade, degree of differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage in OSCC patients (P<0.05). The overall survival rate of the MMP-9 negative expression group was higher than that of the positive expression group (P<0.05). The overall survival rate of the COX-2 negative expression group was higher than that of the positive expression group (P<0.05), and the overall survival rate of the NF-κB negative expression group was higher in the positive expression group (P<0.05). COX regression analysis showed that lymph node metastasis, TNM staging, MMP-9, COX-2, and NF-κB may be independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of OSCC patients (P<0.05). Conclusion: MMP-9, COX-2, and NF-κB were highly expressed in OSCC tissues. The expression levels of MMP-9, COX-2, and NF-κB were closely related to the clinicopathological parameters of patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of Biomimetic Micro/Nano Hierarchical Interface for Enhancement of Osseointegration SHI Ziwen, ZHU Songsong, JIANG Nan 2021, 37(4): 366-370.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.019 Abstract ( 213 )   PDF (3078KB) ( 229 )   Objective: To investigate a biomimetic micro/nano hierarchical interface to enhance osseointegration. Methods: The pure titanium samples were modified by three surface treatment methods, namely spark plasma sintering, electrochemical anodization, and composite treatment, which formed Micro-Ti, Nano-Ti and Micro/Nano-Ti structure, respectively. Forty female SD rats were randomly assigned into four groups (Group A, B, C, and D, n=10 animals per group). Bone defects in the diameter of 1.5mm were established on the medial side of the knee joint and inserted with untreated-Ti, Micro-Ti, Nano-Ti, and Micro/Nano-Ti, respectively. Twelve weeks following implantation, the rats were sacrificed and the proximal tibiaes (together with the titanium implants) were harvested for histological analysis, Micro-CT evaluation, and biomechanical testing. Results: Group D had the highest percent of osseointegration, percent bone volume, and bone volume. Multiple relative parameters of trabeculae of group D were relatively high. The compression force and ultimate shear strength of group D were significantly higher than those of the other three groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Biomimetic micro/nano hierarchical interface enhanced the osseointegration of titanium implants. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Copper-doped Titanium Alloy Inhibited RANKL-induced Osteoclasts Differentiation in Vitro XU Xiongcheng, ZHUO Jin, XU Yanmei , LUO Kai, CHEN Chao, ZHONG Quan 2021, 37(4): 371-374.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.020 Abstract ( 190 )   PDF (2547KB) ( 191 )   Objective: To study the effect of copper-doped titanium alloys on osteoclasts differentiation. Methods: Copper-doped titanium alloys were prepared by using the technique of selective laser melting (SLM). Mouse monocytes (RAW264.7) were induced to differentiate to osteoclasts by RANKL. Copper-doped titanium alloys was co-cultured with osteoclasts. The morphology of osteoclasts was observed under a fluorescence microscope. The number of osteoclasts was recorded, and the expression of genes related to osteoclast differentiation was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results: Induced by RANKL, mouse monocytes could differentiate into osteoclasts in vitro. Copper-doped titanium alloys could not only inhibit the differentiation of monocytes (RAW264.7) which generated osteoclasts, but also inhibit the expression of osteoclast-related genes CTSK, TRAP, NFATc1, and NF-κB. Conclusion: Copper-doped titanium alloys can inhibit the activity of osteoclasts and is expected to be used in the preparation of titanium mesh which has potential application value for alveolar bone regeneration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fever and Chills Associated with Extraction of the Upper Left Second Molar: A Case Report LI Xiaoning, LIN Yuhong, LU Yao, SHANG Jiang 2021, 37(4): 375-376.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2021.04.021 Abstract ( 231 )   PDF (759KB) ( 286 )   Fever and chills are rare complications associated with tooth extraction. This article reported a case of fever and chills after the extraction. The discussion includes diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the fever. References | Related Articles | Metrics