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28 June 2026, Volume 42 Issue 6 Previous Issue   

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Mandibular Bone Regeneration: Evolving Strategies in Tissue Engineering Scaffold Design LI Dongyang, LI Jun 2026, 42(6): 461-466.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.06.001 Abstract ( 26 )   PDF (833KB) ( 11 )   The mandible is a vital component of the craniofacial bone. Due to its critical biomechanical roles, unique intramembranous ossification process, high bone remodeling activity, and the robust osteogenic potential of mandibular bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), tissue engineering strategies for mandibular repair present distinct challenges compared to those used for long bones. This review provides a systematic overview of key strategies and technological advances in mandibular tissue engineering. It covers scaffold materials and design, bioactive enhancement approaches, current research challenges, and the emerging potential of 4D printing and related technologies. The objective of this review is to offer a theoretical foundation and technical guidance for the development of effective, safe, and functionally integrated regenerative solutions for mandibular bone defects. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Different Ultrasound Techniques in Parotid Tumors RAO Qisheng, ZHANG Guoquan 2026, 42(6): 467-471.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.06.002 Abstract ( 19 )   PDF (2689KB) ( 9 )   The incidence of salivary gland tumors in head and neck tumors is about 3%-10%, of which the parotid gland is the most common site. The diversity of pathological types leads to significant differences in their biological behaviors, and their treatment strategies and prognosis are also different. Therefore, accurate preoperative evaluation is very important for the prognosis of patients. Ultrasonography has become the preferred imaging method for primary screening of parotid tumors due to its advantages of dynamic imaging, no radiation, and low cost. In recent years, with the continuous development of technology, ultrasound technology has changed from single mode to multi-mode, which can even be combined with artificial intelligence technology to break through the limitations of traditional manual reading, thus further improving the diagnostic accuracy. This review systematically describes the application of various ultrasound techniques in the evaluation of the efficacy of parotid tumors in recent years. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Craniofacial Compensation in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Mechanisms and Orthodontic Treatment Strategies WU Ziyi, FENG Jianying 2026, 42(6): 472-477.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.06.003 Abstract ( 14 )   PDF (844KB) ( 6 )   Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is a disorder characterized by recurrent upper airway collapse during sleep. Its pathogenesis is closely associated with adenotonsillar hypertrophy and the resultant craniofacial compensatory changes. While adenotonsillectomy (AT), as the first-line treatment, can resolve soft tissue obstruction, it fails to correct established craniofacial adaptations, necessitating orthodontic intervention. This review elucidates the mechanisms of craniofacial compensation in children with OSA and emphasizes the critical role of orthodontic treatment in addressing these changes. We further aim to optimize comprehensive treatment strategies and advance multidisciplinary collaboration for children with OSA. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Pan-cancer Analysis of SERPINE2 and Its Association with Tumor Microenvironment in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma MA Jiyuan, NONG Sheng, PAN Junchen, SUN Yanan, ZHANG Jiali 2026, 42(6): 478-486.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.06.004 Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (7391KB) ( 7 )   Objective: To investigate the expression patterns, prognostic value, tumor microenvironment (TME) association, and correlation with lymph node metastasis of serpin family E member 2 (SERPINE2) in pan-cancer, while uncovering its potential functional pathways in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC). Methods: Based on transcriptomic, clinical, and mutational data from 33 cancer types in the TCGA database, SERPINE2's differential expression, survival associations, and immune characteristics were analyzed. Validation was performed through immunohistochemistry (IHC), drug sensitivity assays, and invasion experiments in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Results: SERPINE2 was significantly upregulated in 20 cancer types, and its high expression was negatively correlated with patient prognosis. Its impact on lymph node metastasis exhibited heterogeneity, and in OSCC, it promoted lymph node metastasis. Additionally, SERPINE2 influenced resistance and sensitivity to multiple anticancer drugs, with drug sensitivity assays showing that SERPINE2 overexpression reduced cisplatin sensitivity in OSCC cell lines. TME and spatial transcriptomic analyses revealed that SERPINE2 expression positively correlated with fibroblast, endothelial cell, and neutrophil infiltration. Furthermore, SERPINE2 was significantly associated with immune checkpoint genes such as PD-L1 (CD274) and LAG3. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that SERPINE2-related genes were primarily involved in metastasis-associated pathways, including the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and extracellular matrix-receptor interactions. Cell invasion assays confirmed that SERPINE2 overexpression enhanced OSCC cell invasiveness. Conclusion: SERPINE2 may serve as a pan-cancer prognostic biomarker and promotes HNSC progression by modulating the immune microenvironment and key signaling pathways, suggesting its potential as a target for cancer immunotherapy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Anatomical Analysis of Root Fragment Extraction in Impacted Mandibular Third Molars Based on CBCT TENG Teng, GONG Kun, LUAN Baiting, WANG Yichen, LIANG Xiaolei, WANG Yiming, ZHANG Wuyang, XUE Yang, HU Kaijin, DENG Tiange 2026, 42(6): 487-492.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.06.005 Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (2731KB) ( 6 )   Objective: To investigate the anatomical factors associated with root fragment displacement during the extraction of impacted mandibular third molars (IMTM) using CBCT. Methods: This retrospective study included 52 patients (52 IMTMs) who were referred to the Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, due to incomplete IMTM extraction over the past five years. These cases were divided into the displaced group (16 root fragments displaced into the lingual space) and the non-displaced group (36 root fragments with no significant displacement, remaining in the alveolar socket). Preoperative and postoperative CBCT were used to assess the thickness and integrity of the lingual cortical bone wall, the anatomical morphology of the lingual side of mandible, the axial positional relationship of IMTMs, the positional relationship between the mandibular canal and tooth roots, and the degree of alveolar bone resorption in the distal aspect of adjacent teeth in both groups. The displaced and non-displaced groups were compared to analyze the anatomical factors contributing to root fragment displacement. Results: Those with missing lingual cortical bone were more prone to root fragment displacement during extraction (P<0.001). IMTMs with alveolar bone anatomical morphologies showing "undercut type" or "inclined narrowing type" on CBCT coronal sections were susceptible to root fragment displacement. IMTMs with non-vertical axial positions and type Ⅲ alveolar bone resorption in the distal aspect of adjacent teeth were more likely to have root fragment displacement during extraction (P<0.05). The average thickness of the lingual bone wall in the displaced group and the non-displaced group was (0.81±0.58) mm and (1.41±1.02) mm, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: Alveolar bone anatomical morphologies of "undercut type" and "inclined narrowing type" on CBCT coronal sections, an average lingual bone wall thickness ≤0.81 mm, type Ⅲ alveolar bone resorption in the distal aspect of adjacent teeth, and non-vertical impaction of IMTMs are all significant anatomical factors contributing to lingual displacement of root fragments. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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MBD4 Reverses Cisplatin Resistance in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Regulating DNA Mismatch Repair ZHANG Yihan, LI Jichen 2026, 42(6): 493-499.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.06.006 Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (9659KB) ( 6 )   Objective: To investigate the expression of DNA glycosylation enzyme MBD4 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells with cisplatin resistance and explore its clinical significance. Methods: Cisplatin resistant cell lines (CAL27/DDP) and parental cell lines (CAL27) were used as the research subjects in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Two cell lines were treated with cisplatin at various concentration gradients, and their IC50 values were measured using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method. Western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used to verify the differential expression of relevant proteins in two cell lines. MBD4 overexpression cell line was constructed in oral squamous cell carcinoma resistant cells using plasmid transfection. CCK-8 assay, cell scratch assay, and cell invasion and migration experiment were used in vitro (Transwell) to detect the changes in survival rate, migration, and invasion ability of various cell lines in cisplatin environment. Results: Western blotting and RT qPCR results showed that compared with the parental cell line, MBD4 and mismatch repair related proteins MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 were lowly expressed in cisplatin resistant oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (P<0.01). After overexpression of MBD4, the survival rate of drug-resistant cell lines in cisplatin environment was significantly reduced (P<0.001), and their invasion and migration abilities were greatly weakened (P<0.001), restoring sensitivity to cisplatin. At the same time, the expression of mismatch repair related proteins in drug-resistant cells was significantly increased (P<0.001). Conclusion: DNA glycosylation enzyme MBD4 is closely related to cisplatin resistance in OSCC. Overexpression of MBD4 can reverse cisplatin resistance in OSCC cells, and this reversal effect is related to the DNA mismatch repair function in drug-resistant cell lines. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Reconstruction of Mandibular Defect with Free Fibular Flap Assisted by Steam Chemical Indicator Strip SUN Yawei, WU Zhuhao, LIANG Yi, CHEN Xin, PU Yumei, SUN Guowen 2026, 42(6): 500-503.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.06.007 Abstract ( 18 )   PDF (4799KB) ( 5 )   Objective: To investigate the application value of steam chemical indicator strip in assisting fibula shaping for mandibular defect reconstruction. Methods: The clinical and follow-up data of 60 patients who underwent segmental mandibular resection and free fibular flap reconstruction in Ward 1 of the Nanjing Stomatological Hospital between January 2020 and June 2025 were retrospectively collected. These patients were categorized into three groups according to the fibular molding methods (n=20). Group A was shaping of fibular flap assisted by steam chemical indicator strip. Group B was shaping of fibular flap assisted by digital guide plate. Group C was shaping of fibular flap assisted by the conventional manual method. The primary outcomes recorded included the duration of fibular shaping and fixation, postoperative fibular flap survival rate, and incidence of postoperative complications. A comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the relative advantages and limitations of the three techniques. Results: The average time of fibula shaping and fixation was (28.27±4.10) minutes in group A, (45.33±5.20) minutes in group B, and (52.91±4.61) minutes in group C. Compared with the other two groups, the time spent in group A was the shortest (P<0.05). The survival rate of postoperative fibular flap was 100% in group A, 100% in group B, and 95.7% in group C. There were 2 cases of postoperative complications in group A (1 case of titanium plate exposure and 1 case of surgical wound infection), 0 case in group B, and 2 cases of vascular crisis in group C. Conclusion: Compared with traditional fibular shaping methods and digital guide plate-assisted fibular shaping, steam chemical indicator strip-assisted fibular shaping can effectively reduce operative time and cost while achieving relatively high shaping accuracy. Therefore, the use of steam chemical indicator strip-assisted fibular flap shaping in mandibular defect reconstruction is an accurate, economical, time-efficient, and clinically feasible approach. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Reconstruction of Bone Defects by 3D-Printed HA-SA-CMCS Three-Dimensional Scaffold Combined with Masquelet Technique WANG Jianzhe, ZHU Xiaojing, CHEN Lingling, SHI Zhenyu, WANG Yibing, FENG Cheng, LI Qiong, DU Qihao, WU Ye 2026, 42(6): 504-511.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.06.008 Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (16885KB) ( 4 )   Objective: To develope a hydroxyapatite/sodium alginate/carboxymethyl chitosan (HA-SA-CMCS, referred to as HSC) three-dimensional scaffold with favorable blood supply potential by integrating tissue engineering principles with the Masquelet technique, and evaluate its bone repair efficacy. Methods: HSC three-dimensional scaffolds were fabricated using 3D printing. The mechanical properties, in vitro degradability, and mineralization capacity of the scaffolds were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), a universal testing machine, and other techniques. The in vitro biocompatibility and osteogenic potential were assessed through cell culture with rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), including alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red S (ARS) staining. Finally, the in vivo osteogenic performance was evaluated using a skull defect model in New Zealand white rabbits. Results: The HSC scaffold exhibited excellent mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, and biocompatibility. ALP and ARS staining demonstrated that the HSC scaffold significantly promoted the osteogenic differentiation of rabbit BMSCs. Animal experiments further indicated that the HSC scaffold group had superior bone repair performance compared to the blank control group. Conclusion: The 3D-printed HSC three-dimensional scaffold combined with the Masquelet technique can effectively promote bone tissue regeneration, accelerate the repair of rabbit skull defects, and open up a highly promising new approach for the treatment strategy of bone defects. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary Study on Cetuximab Enhancing Cytotoxicity of Natural Killer Cells Against Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Organoids LIU Feng, ZHU Mengyu, CHEN Lin, ZHENG Luxi, YANG Haonan, DAI Yuwei, MENG Jian 2026, 42(6): 512-518.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.06.009 Abstract ( 18 )   PDF (6048KB) ( 10 )   Objective: To establish a co-culture system of patient-derived organoids (PDOs) from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cells, and to explore the cytotoxic effects of NK cells combined with Cetuximab on OSCC, providing preclinical evidence for immunotherapy combined with targeted therapy. Methods: PDOs were established in vitro from 35 OSCC patients, and NK cells were isolated from peripheral blood of 35 healthy volunteers. Both cell types were identified by morphology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and flow cytometry. A co-culture model of OSCC PDOs and NK cells was established, with different concentrations of Cetuximab (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL). The viability of PDOs was detected using the CCK-8, and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: Twenty-eight OSCC PDOs were successfully established, showing high consistency with primary tumors in morphology and molecular markers. Compared with the PDO monoculture group, the co-culture group with NK cells significantly inhibited PDO growth, and the cytotoxicity increased with the effector-to-target ratio. Cetuximab combined with NK cells significantly enhanced PDO apoptosis, suggesting a synergistic pro-apoptotic effect. Conclusion: Cetuximab synergistically enhances the cytotoxicity of NK cells against OSCC PDOs, possibly through an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mechanism. This study provides a theoretical and experimental basis for combined immunotherapy and targeted therapy in advanced OSCC. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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RHOT1 Influences Invasiveness of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells by Regulating Mitochondrial Transfer ZHAO Xinran, NI Yueqi, CHENG Bo 2026, 42(6): 519-523.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.06.010 Abstract ( 14 )   PDF (3601KB) ( 4 )   Objective: To investigate the role of the mitochondrial transport protein Ras homolog family member T1 (RHOT1) in the transfer of mitochondria between oral squamous cell carcinoma cells and macrophages, and to evaluate its impact on tumor cell energy metabolism and malignant behavior. Methods: Macrophages expressing a mitochondria-targeted fluorescent reporter and carcinoma cells with RHOT1 gene knockdown were established. Mitochondrial transfer was quantified using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Intracellular energy content, cell proliferation activity, and migratory capacity were assessed through biochemical assays and wound-healing analysis. Results: Knockdown of RHOT1 markedly reduced the ability of carcinoma cells to acquire mitochondria from macrophages. Exogenous mitochondria enhanced the proliferative activity and migratory capacity of negative control cells, whereas no such enhancement was observed in RHOT1-deficient cells. Conclusion: RHOT1 regulates the uptake of macrophage-derived mitochondria by carcinoma cells and thereby influences their energy metabolism and malignant behavior. RHOT1 may serve as a potential target for modulating tumor metabolic adaptation and interactions within the immune microenvironment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical and CT Imaging Features of Intraosseous Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Jaw: A Retrospective Study FENG Yinglian, Pakezhati·SEYITI, XIA Shu, WANG Tiemei 2026, 42(6): 524-528.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.06.011 Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (3635KB) ( 7 )   Objective: To investigate the CT imaging features of intraosseous adenoid cystic carcinoma (intraosseous adenoid cystic carcinoma, IACC) occurring in the jaw and analyze their clinical correlation. Methods: Patients with IACC who met the inclusion criteria between January 2015 and April 2025 were enrolled. A retrospective analysis was conducted on their clinical and CT imaging features. Results: A total of 10 IACC patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 48 years and a male-to-female ratio of 6∶4. The most common site was the posterior maxilla (50%, 5/10), and 60% (6/10) exhibited early neurological symptoms. The imaging findings were classified into mass-type (50%, 5/10) and cyst-like type (50%, 5/10). Mass-type IACC presented as solid soft tissue masses with irregular bone destruction, while cyst-like IACC showed cystic-solid soft tissue masses accompanied by expansile bone thinning and relatively smooth margins. Notably, 80% (4/5) of the cyst-like cases exhibited punctate or fibrous striated high-density shadows within the lesions, which may aid in differentiating them from other locally aggressive odontogenic cystic lesions of the jaw. Conclusion: Intraosseous adenoid cystic carcinoma is rare and easily confused with other jaw tumors. A summary of its clinical and radiological characteristics may improve diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Retrospective Study and Predictive Model of Nerve Injury after Benign Parotid Tumor Resection CHEN Yaping, LIANG Shuang, JIA Yabin, LIU Yan, WANG Fuli 2026, 42(6): 529-533.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.06.012 Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (1565KB) ( 4 )   Objective: To investigate the incidence of facial nerve injury after parotidectomy for benign parotid tumors, analyze its related factors, and construct a predictive model. Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical data was performed on 104 patients who underwent parotidectomy for benign parotid tumors and were admitted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xinyang Central Hospital from July 2022 to July 2025. The occurrence of postoperative facial nerve injury was recorded, the logistic multiple regression model was used to analyze the independent factors associated with facial nerve injury and a predictive model was constructed. Results: Among the 104 patients, facial nerve injury occurred in 32 cases, with an incidence rate of 30.77%. The Logistic multiple regression analysis showed that the tumor depth, whether the facial nerve was dissected, and whether the fascia was preserved were independent influence factors for facial nerve injury after parotidectomy for benign parotid tumors (P<0.05). A Nomogram prediction model was constructed accordingly. The ROC analysis showed that the AUC of the predictive model for judging facial nerve injury after parotidectomy for benign parotid tumors was 0.810 (SE=0.056, 95%CI=0.700-0.920, P<0.001), with a sensitivity of 0.844 and a specificity of 0.722. Conclusion: There is a risk of facial nerve injury after parotidectomy for benign parotid tumors. The occurrence of this injury is associated with tumor depth, whether the facial nerve is dissected, and whether the fascia is preserved. The predictive model constructed based on those factors is conducive to the early screening of facial nerve injury. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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MEN1 Mutation in Two Siblings with Ossifying Fibroma of the Jaw ZHANG Lanlan, LIU Mingli, CUI Qingying, LI Liang, SUN Siyang, SHI Yan'an, LI Kecheng, ZHANG Yonghui, WANG Weihong 2026, 42(6): 534-536.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.06.013 Abstract ( 14 )   PDF (2848KB) ( 4 )   This study identified a heterozygous missense mutation (p.Thr541Ala) in exons 10 of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene in two male patients diagnosed with histopathologically confirmed ossifying fibroma of the jaw. Whole-exome sequencing combined with bioinformatics analysis confirmed the pathogenic potential of this variant. AlphaFold 2-based structural modeling demonstrated that this variant induces conformational changes in the functional domain and disrupts the hydrophobic core, suggesting MEN1 functional impairment may contribute to the pathogenesis ofossifying fibroma of the jaw. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular diagnosis of fibro-osseous lesions. However, the precise pathogenic mechanisms underlying this association require further investigation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Early Orthodontic Treatment of Pediatric Skeletal Class Ⅲ Malocclusion with Mandibular Deviation: A Case Report ZHANG Rongkang, LIU Shuting, FU Yu, AI Yu, XU Yafen, ZHANG Jie 2026, 42(6): 537-540.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.06.014 Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (4717KB) ( 9 )   This case report describes a pediatric patient with skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion and mandibular deviation who underwent early orthodontic treatment, resulting in significant improvement in anterior crossbite and facial asymmetry, along with enhanced aesthetic outcomes. Early intervention effectively reduced the complexity of subsequent orthodontic requirements. A review of the literature on mandibular deviation is also included to provide further clinical context. This case offers a reference for the management of similar presentations. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Treatment of Root Canal Reinfection after Post and Core Crown Restoration of Traumatized Young Maxillary Permanent Tooth: A Case Report SONG Qian, ZHANG Peng, MA Xiaoyan, SUN Xiaohong, WANG Peng 2026, 42(6): 541-544.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.06.015 Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (5185KB) ( 14 )   This case report describes the root canal retreatment process of two maxillary central incisors in a 12-year-old patient. The patient had undergone root canal treatment, metal post placement, and resin splinted crown restoration at another hospital after dental trauma. Due to recurrent apical inflammation, the patient presented to our hospital for root canal retreatment. Currently, the affected teeth have recovered well, providing clinical reference for root canal retreatment of young traumatized permanent teeth. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clear Aligner Combined with Orthognathic Surgery for Skeletal Class Ⅲ Malocclusion in Adult: A Case Report HUANG Jiaxin, WANG Yunlei, HE Hong, DU Mingyuan 2026, 42(6): 545-550.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.06.016 Abstract ( 20 )   PDF (11680KB) ( 18 )   This paper systematically reports the complete diagnosis and treatment process of an adult patient with skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion treated by clear aligner orthodontics combined with orthognathic surgery. Based on the patient’s skeletal and dental problems in three dimensions, as well as the concurrent dental caries and periapical periodontitis, combined with the patient’s chief complaint, clear aligner technology combined with orthognathic surgery significantly improved the patient’s tooth arrangement, occlusal relationship, facial aesthetics, and periodontal health. References | Related Articles | Metrics