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28 March 2026, Volume 42 Issue 3 Previous Issue   

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2025 Global Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Candidiasis: Interpretation of Core Points for Oral Clinical Practice LIU Zhiying, YANG Jin, ZHOU Hongmei 2026, 42(3): 179-185.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.03.001 Abstract ( 28 )   PDF (4280KB) ( 60 )   The European Confederation for Medical Mycology, the International Society of Human and Animal Mycology, and the American Society for Microbiology jointly issued Global Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Candidiasis in February 2025. Based on high-quality evidence and expert consensus, this guideline systematically elaborates optimal strategies for diagnosing and managing candidiasis, with core contents including: risk stratification and sex-based differences, updates in etiology and species distribution shifts, multidimensional analysis of clinical manifestations, tiered recommendations for diagnostic techniques, stepwise disease management pathways, and graded prevention and control strategies. This article provides an in-depth interpretation of key aspects related to oral candidiasis within the guideline, integrating recent research advances for analysis and discussion. We aim to deliver evidence-based clinical guidance for oral healthcare practitioners and advance the standardization of diagnosis and treatment standards for oral candidiasis in China. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Application of Deep Learning in Prediction and Diagnosis of Peri-implantitis WANG Xiaowen, GAO Ying 2026, 42(3): 186-190.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.03.002 Abstract ( 18 )   PDF (805KB) ( 23 )   Considering the complex clinical risk factors and the insidious initial manifestations of peri-implantitis, continuous monitoring of peri-implant soft and hard tissues is necessary for more effective disease management. Deep learning, as a rapidly evolving emerging artificial intelligence technology, has been deemed promising in oral implantology for detecting lesion sites, conducting quantitative evaluation, analyzing autonomous learning datasets, and deducing disease progression pathways. This article summarizes the application of deep learning in the assessment of peri-implant tissues as well as the prediction and diagnosis of peri-implantitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in Treatment of Myofascial Temporomandibular Disorder LI Xiang, ZOU Haixiao 2026, 42(3): 191-194.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.03.003 Abstract ( 21 )   PDF (784KB) ( 30 )   Myofacial temporomandibular disorder is a common disease in oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic, usually due to a variety of factors caused by aseptic inflammation of maxillofacial masticatory muscle. Patients often appear chewing muscle pain, mouth opening restriction, and other symptoms. Severe cases will involve the face and shoulder and neck pain, which seriously affects the quality of life. Currently, there are various clinical treatment methods available for myofacial temporomandibular disorder. The application of these methods lacks a standardized protocol and primarily relies on the experience of the attending physician. In this article, we review the current clinical management of masticatory myofascial pain. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation Study between IL-1β and IL-10 with Clinical and Radiographic Parameters in Peri-implant Disease of Rats MEI Long, CAI Chengchen, DONG Shuya, ZHENG Yuxiang, HE Jungang, CHENG Lujin 2026, 42(3): 195-200.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.03.004 Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (1433KB) ( 26 )   Objective: To establish a rat model of peri-implant disease (PID) based on changes in inflammatory factors in vitro, and to investigate the correlation between interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) and clinical/radiographic parameters. Methods: In vitro, human monocytic leukemia (THP-1) cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) to simulate an inflammatory microenvironment. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-10. In vivo, custom implants were placed mesial to the maxillary first molars in 20 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Four weeks later, 12 rats with successful osseointegration were selected and divided into a control group and a model group (n=6 each). PID was induced in the model group via ligation and topical application of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g) suspension, while the control group received no intervention. Probing pocket depth (PPD), positive rate of bleeding on probing (BOP), and radiographic bone resorption were recorded weekly. After 4 weeks, rats were euthanized. RT-qPCR was performed to detect IL-1β and IL-10 mRNA expression in gingival tissues, the IL-1β/IL-10 ratio was calculated, and their correlations with clinical and radiographic parameters were analyzed. Results: In vitro inflammatory stimulation significantly upregulated IL-1β and IL-10 mRNA expression (P<0.05). In the animal experiment, the model group exhibited significantly higher PPD, BOP positive rate, and bone resorption compared to the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, IL-1β mRNA expression was increased, IL-10 mRNA expression was decreased, and the IL-1β/IL-10 ratio was increased in the model group (all P<0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that IL-1β and the IL-1β/IL-10 ratio were positively correlated with PPD and bone resorption, while IL-10 was negatively correlated with both (all P<0.05). Conclusion: This study successfully established a rat PID model. It revealed significant correlations between IL-1β, IL-10, and clinical/radiographic parameters, providing an experimental foundation for elucidating the pathogenesis of PID and developing targeted therapeutic strategies focusing on inflammatory cytokines. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Reset Times of Registration U-tube on Accuracy of Dynamic Navigation Implantation SHAO Xupeng, DONG Chenxin, ZHANG Shu, YANG Shengyin, XIE Zhigang 2026, 42(3): 201-205.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.03.005 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (3429KB) ( 12 )   Objective: To compare the effect of reset times of the registration U-tube on the accuracy of dynamic navigation implantation. Methods: In this study, the reset times of the U-tube was divided into One-time reset and Two-time reset. The implants were placed under the guidance of dynamic navigation, among the 72 implants, 27 were in the One-time reset group and 45 were in the Two-time reset group. The differences between the planned implant position and actual implant position in terms of three indicators, i.e. the entry deviation, apex deviation, and angular deviation, were compared. Results: The entry deviation, apex deviation, and angular deviation of One-time reset group and Two-time reset group were (0.94±0.41) mm and (1.10±0.41) mm, (0.93±0.38) mm and (1.15±0.37) mm, and (1.19±0.97)° and (2.32±0.78)°. No significant difference was found on the entry deviation and angular deviation between One-time reset group and Two-time reset group (P>0.05), however, statistically significant difference in the apex deviation (P<0.05), with the Two-time reset group showed a larger deviation than One-time reset group. Conclusion: The accuracy of the U-tube reset will affect the implantation accuracy of the dynamic navigation. In clinical practice, the deviation caused by reset times of the registration U-tube should be considered. The U-tube should be worn before surgery to scan cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and then removed after the registration. The One-time reset not only optimizes clinical procedures but also improves clinical efficiency, while reducing deviation and enhancing the accuracy of implant surgery. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Deep Learning in Maxillary Sinus Modeling LI Fang, PAN Yan, HAN Shuang, ZHUANG Shuo 2026, 42(3): 206-212.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.03.006 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (2072KB) ( 9 )   Objective: To explore the effect of SegFormer deep learning model in maxillary sinus modeling. Methods: SegFormer was applied to automatically segment and reconstruct the maxillary sinus from cone-beam CT images of 33 included patients, and the maxillary sinus volume was measured and compared with manual measurements for statistical analysis. Results: Using SegFormer for automated segmentation, reconstruction, and measurement of the maxillary sinus volume takes only about 30 seconds, and is substantially faster than manual measurement, while showing no statistically significant difference in maxillary sinus volume (P>0.05). Conclusion: The SegFormer deep learning model can reconstruct the maxillary sinus more quickly and accurately, reflecting the auxiliary diagnostic value of artificial intelligence in the field of dentistry References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on rhBMP-2 Combined with DBBM Used in External Sinus Floor Elevation TANG Zhengting, YANG Dezhao, LI Guangcheng, MENG Fanwen 2026, 42(3): 213-218.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.03.007 Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (5625KB) ( 15 )   Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) combined with deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) used in external sinus floor elevation (ESFE). Methods: From February 2019 to September 2023, 34 eligible patients were randomly divided into group A using DBBM in ESFE, group B using rhBMP-2+DBBM in ESFE. Implant surgeries were performed at 6 months after ESFE. Bone blocks in implant osteotomy sites were harvested for subsequent micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans and histological analysis. Implant stability quotients (ISQ) were recorded at 3 and 6 months after implant surgeries. Results: Micro-CT analysis showed statistically significant differences in bone volume/tissue volume and material volume/tissue volume between the two groups (P<0.05); analysis of bone biopsies showed statistically significant differences in new bone percentage between the two groups (P<0.05); and the difference in ISQ between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05) at 3 months after the implant surgeries. Conclusion: The combined application of rhBMP-2 and DBBM in ESFE is more favorable to the formation of new bone than DBBM alone, which can create more favorable bone conditions for subsequent implant surgery. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Retrospective Clinical Study on Modified Free Gingival Graft for Peri-implant Keratinized Mucosa Width Augmentation HAN Cui, LIANG Hanying, ZHONG Weijian 2026, 42(3): 219-224.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.03.008 Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (2659KB) ( 23 )   Objective: To investigate the influence of keratinized mucosa width (KMW) on peri-implant hard- and soft-tissue conditions and to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the modified free gingival graft (MFGG) with buccal flap repositioning for graft stabilization, thereby ascertaining its effectiveness and advantages in enhancing peri-implant health. Methods: A total of 79 implants in 59 patients treated between 2017 and 2024 were retrospectively enrolled and stratified into three groups: (1) group A: adequate KMW, 24 implants in 20 patients; (2) group B: insufficient KMW, 33 implants in 22 patients; and (3) group C: insufficient KMW subsequently managed with MFGG, 22 implants in 17 patients. Group C was further divided into a prophylactic augmentation subgroup (C1: 14 implants in 10 patients) and a therapeutic augmentation subgroup (C2: 8 implants in 7 patients). Peri-implant tissue parameters were systematically recorded and compared across groups, including KMW, probing depth (PD), modified plaque index (mPLI), modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBI), marginal bone loss (MBL), graft contraction rate, postoperative pain, and mucosal scarring index (MSI). Results: (1) Peri-implant disease (PID)-related indices: ① Inter-group comparison between groups A and B revealed no statistically significant difference in PD (P>0.05). mPLI, mSBI, and MBL were all significantly higher in group B than in group A (P<0.05). ② The prevalence of peri-implant mucositis (PIM) and peri-implantitis (PI) in group B was markedly higher than in group A (P<0.05), whereas the incidence of PI in group B was only slightly elevated relative to group A, a difference that did not reach statistical significance (P>0.05). (2) Efficacy indices of the MFGG procedure: ① All grafts in group C achieved complete survival, yielding a surgical success rate of 100 %. Pain had largely resolved by post-operative day 7; discomfort was predominantly localized to the hard-palate donor site. ② At 3 months (T2) post-surgery, the graft contraction rate was 25.2 %, increasing to 30.1 % at 6 months (T3). ③ At 6 months, no significant difference in PD was observed between groups C and B (P>0.05). Both mPLIT3 and mSBIT3 were significantly lower in group C than in group B (P<0.05). Subgroup C1 exhibited significantly less MBLT3 than group B (P<0.05). The incidence of PIDT3 in group C differed significantly from that in group B (P<0.05). ④ In subgroup C2, comparison of data at 6 months (T3) with baseline (T0) showed no significant change in PD (PDT3 vs PDT0, P>0.05), whereas both mPLIT3 and mSBIT3 were significantly reduced relative to mPLIT0 and mSBIT0 (P<0.05). MBLT3 did not differ significantly from MBLT0 (P>0.05). ⑤ At 6 months, the modified sulcus bleeding index (MSIT3: 2.12±0.60) was slightly lower than at 3 months (MSIT2: 2.41±0.94); this change was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: KMW is positively correlated with the health of peri-implant hard and soft tissues; implants with adequate KMW demonstrate a significantly lower incidence of peri-implant diseases. MFGG technique, employing buccal flap repositioning, enhances graft survival, is technically straightforward, and elicits minimal postoperative morbidity. Clinical application of this surgical modality for peri-implant keratinized mucosa augmentation demonstrates favorable efficacy, conferring effective prevention of peri-implant diseases, amelioration of soft-tissue inflammation, and reduction in marginal bone resorption risk. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of Transcription Factor SP3 in Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells XIAO Shuang, LI Jiong, LIU Xinyang, SONG Shuai, ZHANG Li, ZHANG Jie 2026, 42(3): 225-229.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.03.009 Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (4567KB) ( 8 )   Objective: To investigate the role of the transcription factor SP3 in the osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) in vitro. Methods: hDPSCs were isolated and cultured in vitro, and their multipotent differentiation potential was identified through induction of multilineage differentiation. The expression pattern of SP3 was analyzed using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). SP3 expression was knocked down by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection, followed by osteogenic induction. The osteogenic differentiation potential was analyzed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red S (ARS) staining, as well as by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis for osteogenic markers including runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and osteopontin (OPN). Results: SP3 expression was found to increase in a time-dependent fashion during the osteogenic induction process of hDPSCs. Knockdown of SP3 in hDPSCs significantly reduced ALP and ARS staining and downregulated the expression of RUNX2 and OPN. Conclusion: Suppression of SP3 expression inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Apical Sealing Ability of iRoot BP Plus in Apical Barrier Technique SHEN Suqian, MA Xindi, XU Ke, XU Xiaoyin, LU Le 2026, 42(3): 230-234.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.03.010 Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (3134KB) ( 24 )   Objective: To investigate the apical microleakage of iRoot BP Plus in apical barrier therapy under different apical foramen diameters and filling thicknesses of bioceramic materials. Methods: Up to 100 fresh and complete mandibular single-root premolars were collected. After root canal preparation and establishment of apical foramen models, they were divided into 2 influencing factors: 6 experimental groups (n=15) and 2 control groups (n=5). iRoot BP Plus was selected as the apical barrier filling material. Groups A, B, and C were the apical foramen diameter groups (0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, 1.0 mm); groups D, E, and F were the apical barrier material filling thickness groups (3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm), group G was the positive control group, and group H was the negative control group. After dye penetration test was performed on the filled teeth, apical sealing ability of iRoot BP Plus in different conditions was compared. Results: In the apical foramen diameter groups, the apical microleakage values of groups B and C were greater than that of group A (P<0.001), but there was no obvious difference in leakage values between groups B and C (P>0.05). In the apical barrier material filling thickness groups, there was no obvious difference in leakage values among groups D, E, and F (P>0.05). Conclusion: When iRoot BP Plus is used as the filling material for apical barrier surgery, when the apical foramen diameter is 0.5 mm, there is no significant difference in the apical sealing effect with filling thicknesses of 3-5 mm. However, when the apical foramen diameter increases to 0.7 mm and 1.0 mm, microleakage occurs in the apical region. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression and Clinical Significance of Osteoglycin in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma HE Yijia, ZHANG Xinwen, WANG Zezheng, LI Zihui, DING Liang, WANG Zhiyong 2026, 42(3): 235-241.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.03.011 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (6607KB) ( 16 )   Objective: To investigate the expression of osteoglycin (OGN) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissues and analyze its correlation with patients' clinical pathological characteristics and survival prognosis. Methods: Eighty cases of OSCC paraffin tissue specimens were selected. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect OGN protein expression levels and evaluate the relationship between its expression and clinical pathological characteristics of patients. Kaplan-Meier method was used to evaluate the relationship between OGN expression and prognosis of patients. The correlation between OGN and protein kinase B (AKT1) et al. gene expression was analyzed by cBioPortal database. Results: OGN expression was significantly higher in OSCC than in adjacent normal tissue, mainly localized in tumor cells, and was higher in invasive tumor front than in the tumor center. High OGN expression was associated with later TNM stage, higher T stage, and lymph node metastasis rate (P<0.05), accompanied by a higher Ki-67 positivity rate, and decreased overall survival rate in patients (P<0.05). OGN was positively correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition molecules, such as AKT1, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and vimentin (VIM). Conclusion: OGN is overexpressed in OSCC, and its high expression indicates poor prognosis of patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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YOLOv7-based Deep Learning Model for Dental Plaque Object Detection in Intraoral Photographs of Orthodontic Patients YIN Qing, TANG Qian, BAO Xingfu 2026, 42(3): 242-246.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.03.012 Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (2261KB) ( 35 )   Objective: To systematically evaluate the performance and feasibility of the YOLOv7 model in identifying dental plaque from intraoral photographs taken by fixed orthodontic patients using their smartphones. Methods: The study collected intraoral plaque staining images from 23 patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment at the Orthodontics Department of Jilin University Stomatological Hospital between March 2024 and June 2025. They were categorized into three sets: training, validation, and test sets. A GPU-equipped computer was used, with Python, PyTorch, Torchvision, and the other necessary software packages installed to configure the environment for YOLOv7. The model was trained on the training set, validated on the validation set, and tested on the test set to determine the optimal learning weights, enabling the algorithm to identify plaque in intraoral photographs of orthodontic patients. Results: Experimental results showed that the model achieved a plaque identification precision of 82.91% for patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment, a Recall of 78.00%, and a mAP50 of 79.60%. The model’s detection success rate outperformed the visual identification of plaque images by both patients and orthodontists. Conclusion: The deep learning algorithm based on YOLOv7 achieved a level suitable for clinical application. This study enables fixed orthodontic patients to obtain real-time plaque detection results simply by taking intraoral photos with a smartphone. In the future, integrating the model into software will significantly enhance the feasibility and effectiveness of daily oral hygiene management for fixed orthodontic patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Complete Surgical Excision of Plunge Ranula: A Case Report LI Shiyong, WANG Sihang, TUO Xiaoyu, NIE Gending, WU Yong, FU Shuai 2026, 42(3): 247-249.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.03.013 Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (2408KB) ( 18 )   Plunge ranula, an extravasation cyst, is commonly seen in clinical practice. However, due to its lack of epithelial lining, surgery can only partially remove the cyst wall. This article reports a rare case of retention type of plunge ranula, where the gland and cyst were completely removed through surgery. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Orthodontic Root Movement Restriction Due to Huge Maxillary Bone Island: A Case Report WEI Guobin, ZHU Bowu 2026, 42(3): 250-253.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.03.014 Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (6388KB) ( 13 )   This paper reports the effect of a huge maxillary bone island on orthodontic tooth movement in a 19-year-old female. The three-dimensional relationship between the bone island and the root was assessed by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), and the extraction and miniscrew anchorage technique combined with MBT straight wire arch treatment was used. The post-treatment profile was improved with gap closure, but the dense structure of the bone island caused poor root parallelism between the left maxillary lateral incisor and the first premolar, suggesting that the bone island restricted the physiological movement of the root. This case provides a reference for orthodontic patients with bone islands in the jaws who need to focus on the design of individualized treatment plans and treatment goals. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Static Navigation-assisted Curettage Combined with Apical Microsurgery for Simple Bone Cyst in Right Mandible: A Case Report OUYANG Yao, HUANG Yaxian 2026, 42(3): 254-257.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.03.015 Abstract ( 14 )   PDF (3651KB) ( 20 )   This paper presents a case of simple bone cyst in the jawbone treated with static-guided surgery. A template precisely located the lesion for cyst curettage and simultaneous apical microsurgery on the affected tooth. Postoperative follow-up revealed favorable recovery with no cyst recurrence and normal tooth function, indicating that static-guided surgery improves surgical accuracy and holds promise for clinical use. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Clear Aligner Orthodontic Treatment in Multidisciplinary Management of Unilateral Cleft: A Case Report ZHENG Jie, ZENG Xiaofang, LIU Li, YUAN Wenjun, HE Hong 2026, 42(3): 258-264.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.03.016 Abstract ( 14 )   PDF (15283KB) ( 14 )   This article reports the complete treatment process of a patient with unilateral cleft lip using a multidisciplinary approach combining clear aligner therapy with implant-prosthodontics. The patient presented with multiple clinical challenges, including dental malocclusion with poor occlusal relationship, tooth defect accompanied by insufficient three-dimensional space for implant placement, and aesthetic defects of the anterior teeth. Through the integration of clear aligner therapy and interdisciplinary collaboration between the prosthodontics and implantology departments, the aforementioned clinical issues was systematically addressed, and the aesthetic outcome of the anterior teeth was significantly improved, ultimately achieving optimal reconstruction of the occlusal relationship. References | Related Articles | Metrics