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28 November 2025, Volume 41 Issue 11 Previous Issue   

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Research Progress on Mechanism of Ferroptosis in Salivary Gland Disease YANG Rong, XU Hui 2025, 41(11): 931-936.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.11.001 Abstract ( 67 )   PDF (803KB) ( 57 )   Ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is dependent on iron and is characterized by the peroxidation of lipids mediated by iron, as well as decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Salivary gland diseases include conditions such as mumps, Sjögren's syndrome, radiation-induced salivary gland injury, and both benign and malignant tumors. Previous studies have faced challenges in addressing these diseases. In recent years, researchers have increasingly focused on the role of ferroptosis in various diseases, particularly in salivary gland disease. The mechanisms behind ferroptosis closely relate to the initiation, progression, and prognosis of these conditions. The purpose of this article is to explore the intrinsic relationship between ferroptosis and salivary gland diseases, providing new insights into these conditions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Integrated Post and Core Prepared by Digital Impression of Post Space ZOU Junbin, YIN Lu 2025, 41(11): 937-940.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.11.002 Abstract ( 30 )   PDF (744KB) ( 21 )   Post and core are commonly used to repair the residual crown and root of the tooth with large defects, and to provide support and retention for the final crown prosthesis. Post and core can be divided into integrated post and core and pre-formed post plus resin core. The integrated post and core is suitable for the trumpet shape of the root canal, with good marginal fidelity and high overall strength. The traditional method of making integrated post and core is to use silicone rubber to make post space impression and cast integrated metal post and core. With the application of digital technology in stomatology, digital process of making integrated post and core has become a common clinical production method. In this paper, the research of acquiring digital impression of post space and preparing integrated post and core by digital process is summarized. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of ATFs Family in Oral Pathologies and Odontogenesis TIAN Ke, TANG Jing 2025, 41(11): 941-945.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.11.003 Abstract ( 34 )   PDF (1424KB) ( 41 )   Oral pathologies are one of the most prevalent diseases globally, severely affecting oral health, function, and aesthetics. The activating transcription factors (ATFs) family belongs to the bZIP transcription factor superfamily, including ATF1, ATF2, ATF3, ATF4, ATF5, ATF6, and ATF7, and is involved in processes such as cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and differentiation. In recent years, studies have highlighted the functional significance of ATFs in oral development, tissue regeneration, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. However, comprehensive reviews summarizing recent advances on the ATFs family in oral pathologies remain scarce, and the molecular mechanisms governing their regulatory roles in both stomatological disorders and odontogenesis are not yet fully elucidated. Therefore, a systematic review of ATFs-mediated regulatory mechanisms in oral pathologies and odontogenesis would provide critical insights into the molecular mechanisms of ATFs-associated processes in stomatological disorders. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Role and Mechanism of P2X7 Receptor in Trigeminal Neuralgia QI Fang, JI Tuo, JIN Zhenshuai, WANG Li 2025, 41(11): 946-951.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.11.004 Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (1065KB) ( 19 )   Objective: To investigate the mechanism by which P2X7 receptors regulate pain signal transmission in an animal model of trigeminal neuralgia. Methods: A rat model of trigeminal neuralgia was established using chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION). On day 1, 7, 14, and 28 after surgery, mechanical nociception was evaluated by measuring the head withdrawal threshold. Western blotting was used to detect the expression level of P2X7 receptors in the caudal subnucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Additionally, the effect of the selective P2X7 receptor antagonist A-804598 on the head withdrawal threshold was observed, and Western blotting was performed to analyze the levels of microglial activation marker Iba1, phosphorylated P38 (p-P38), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the caudal subnucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Results: On day 1 after CCI-ION, rats developed allodynia/hyperalgesia, which persisted until day 28. Within 4 weeks after CCI-ION, significant microglial activation was observed in the trigeminal spinal tract nucleus, accompanied by increased activation and upregulation of P2X7 receptors, p-P38, TNF-α, and IL-1β. The selective P2X7 receptor antagonist A-804598 blocked CCI-ION-induced allodynia/hyperalgesia, while inhibiting microglial activation and the upregulation of inflammatory factors. Conclusion: Activation of P2X7 receptors promotes the release of inflammatory factors by microglia, playing a key role in the initiation and maintenance of hyperalgesia in trigeminal neuralgia. Targeting P2X7 receptor-mediated neuroinflammation may represent a novel strategy for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between Occlusal Plane Angle, Balkwill Angle, and Temporomandibular Joint Morphology SHAN Xuelong, LI Ang, MENG Jian, ZHANG Jing 2025, 41(11): 952-958.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.11.005 Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (2123KB) ( 15 )   Objective: To investigate the correlation between occlusal plane angles, Balkwill angle, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) morphology in skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion patients with different vertical skeletal patterns. Methods: Skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion patients were divided into hypodivergent, normodivergent, and hyperdivergent subgroups (35 patients each) based on FH-MP angle, with 35 skeletal Class Ⅰ normodivergent adult patients as the control group. The Invivo Dental 5 software was employed to acquire the data of Balkwill angle, posterior occlusal plane angle (FH-POP), mandibular occlusal plane angle (FH-MOP), DPO (vertical distance from condylar center to the MOP), and the TMJ measurement items. Results: Skeletal Class Ⅱ patients with hyperdivergent type exhibited steeper FH-POP and FH-MOP, smaller Balkwill angle and DPO, shorter mediolateral and anteroposterior condylar diameters, smaller condylar inclination angle, and narrower anterior and superior joint spaces, while hypodivergent group showed opposite trends. DPO, MOP, and Balkwill angle were correlated with TMJ morphology. Conclusion: There was little difference in the TMJ morphology of normodivergent patients between the different sagittal patterns. While significant differences were found in the TMJ morphology among different vertical skeletal patterns. The results indicated that the DPO had a significant impact on TMJ morphology, followed by MOP angle, and finally Balkwill angle in skeletal Class Ⅱ hyperdivergent and hypodivergent group. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Two Types of Digital Anterior Repositioning Splints in Temporomandibular Joint Disorders LUO Shufang, WU Qianju, DENG Yaqun, HE Jinyi, ZENG Longtao 2025, 41(11): 959-963.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.11.006 Abstract ( 24 )   PDF (699KB) ( 21 )   Objective: To compare the application of full-digital workflow anterior repositioning splints and semi-digital workflow anterior repositioning splints in the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders. Methods: The jaw position of the digital anterior repositioning splint was obtained using intraoral methods and software methods. The study compared the design time of the jaw position, the clinical chairside adjustment time, the improvement of clinical symptoms of the temporomandibular joint before and after treatment, and patient satisfaction between the two groups to explore the clinical application value of the two methods. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the time taken to obtain the jaw position and the clinical chairside adjustment time between the two methods. However, no statistically significant differences were found in the treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction. Conclusion: Both full-digital and semi-digital anterior repositioning splints are suitable for the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. The choice should be based on specific circumstances. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism of Subchondral Bone Destruction in TMJ-OA Regulated by Wnt5a/Ror2 Signaling Pathway CHEN Lei, BU Yinzhong, REN Zhenping, SUN Peipei, KUANG Bin 2025, 41(11): 964-969.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.11.007 Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (682KB) ( 19 )   Objective: To investigate the interaction between receptor tyrosine kinase-Like orphan receptor 2 (Ror2) and Wnt5a in subchondral bone degeneration during temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) under abnormal mechanical loading. Methods: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) pretreated with inhibitors were stimulated with fluid shear stress (FSS) to detect changes in Wnt5a and Ror2 expression. TMJ-OA model rats were intra-articularly injected with different doses of soluble Ror2 (sRor2), and the degree of subchondral bone degeneration was evaluated using micro-CT and histological staining. Results: FSS significantly upregulated the expression of Wnt5a and Ror2, reaching peak levels at 20 dynes/cm2 for 60 minutes. Wnt5a expression was regulated through the signal transducer and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway, while Ror2 activation was depended on the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Notch signaling pathways. Weekly intra-articular injection of 1 μg sRor2 markedly alleviated subchondral bone loss in TMJ-OA. FSS coordinately regulates Wnt5a/Ror2 expression through multiple signaling pathways. Conclusion: Targeted inhibition of this pathway effectively delays subchondral bone degeneration in TMJ-OA, providing a novel therapeutic target for TMJ-OA treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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CBCT Imaging Characteristics of Supernumerary Teeth in Maxillary Anterior Region of Children and Their Impact on Adjacent Permanent Teeth WANG Wenru, ZHAO Xia, ZHANG Qian, LING Jing, SUN Shasha 2025, 41(11): 970-976.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.11.008 Abstract ( 25 )   PDF (2440KB) ( 30 )   Objective: To analyze the CBCT imaging characteristics of supernumerary teeth in the maxillary anterior region and their effects on adjacent permanent teeth. Methods: CBCT imaging data of supernumerary teeth in the maxillary anterior region of children were retrospectively collected. SPSS 24.0 statistical software was used to analyze the gender, age, number, location, direction, shape, and eruption status of the supernumerary teeth, as well as to evaluate their effects on adjacent permanent teeth. Results: A total of 377 children were included in this study. The male-to-female ratio was 3.5∶1, with an average age of (6.69±1.35) years. The analysis revealed the following findings: (1)The number of supernumerary teeth was mainly 1 (65.3%) and 2 (32.6%),with no statistically significant difference in their distribution between genders (P>0.05). (2) Unerupted supernumerary teeth were predominant (83.8%), mainly located in the midline area (41.4%) and the central incisor area (53.5%), with most being situated on the palatal side of the dental arch (76.3%). (3) The inverted growth (45.6%) and conical (73.2%) forms were the most common.(4) The primary effects of supernumerary teeth on adjacent permanent teeth included diastema (31.9%), delayed eruption (7.5%), displacement (5.5%), and rotation (9.5%). Supernumerary teeth in the midline area, within the dental arch, and growing laterally were more prone to causing diastema in permanent teeth (P<0.05). Delayed eruption of permanent teeth was more frequently observed with supplementary, nodular, and odontoma types of supernumerary teeth (P<0.05). Supernumerary teeth causing rotation of permanent teeth were predominantly located within the dental arch or on the labial side, and grew horizontally or laterally (P<0.05). Conclusion: CBCT technology enables precise analysis of the imaging features of supernumerary teeth, offering significant clinical guidance for the diagnosis and localization of these teeth. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Retrospective Analysis of 466 Cases of Supplemental Teeth in Children GUO Jianliang, QIU Fenfang, MENG Shan, QU Jiaojiao, XIONG Zhenghui 2025, 41(11): 977-981.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.11.009 Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (1779KB) ( 18 )   Objective: To investigate the characteristics, incidence, clinical features, and treatment status of supplemental teeth using panoramic radiography. Methods: A total of 144,274 panoramic radiographs of children aged 3-18 years were collected from the imaging database of our hospital between January 2014 and December 2024. The occurrence of supplemental teeth was observed and recorded, along with their clinical characteristics and treatment options. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 statistical software. Results: The incidence of supplemental teeth in this study group was 3.23‰ (466/144,274), with 302 cases in males and 164 cases in females (P<0.001). The most common stages of occurrence were mixed dentition (68.88%) > permanent dentition (20.82%) > primary dentition (10.30%). The most frequent tooth positions were maxillary lateral incisors (61.11%) > mandibular central incisors (11.31%) > maxillary central incisors (9.13%) > mandibular lateral incisors (8.93%). Among the cases, 429 individuals (92.06%) had one supplemental tooth, 36 (7.73%) had two, and 1 case (0.21%) had three. No cases with four or more supplemental teeth were observed. Fusion with adjacent permanent teeth was observed in 24 supplemental teeth (4.76%). Dental abnormalities such as tooth rotation, crowding, midline deviation, and adjacent tooth eruption disturbances were present in 454 cases (97.42%). Supplemental teeth occurred on the right side in 270 cases and on the left side in 234 cases (P>0.05). The maxilla was more frequently affected (376 teeth) than the mandible (128 teeth) (P<0.001). Unilateral occurrence (430 cases) was significantly more common than bilateral (36 cases) (P<0.001). Associated conditions included primary supplemental teeth, additional hyperdontia, congenital missing teeth, and fused teeth. In this study group, 84 supplemental teeth were extracted, accounting for 18.03%, while the remaining 335 supplemental teeth have not been removed. Conclusion: The incidence of supplemental teeth was 3.23‰, with a higher prevalence in males. The mixed dentition stage was the most commonly affected. Supplemental teeth occurred bilaterally but were more frequent in the maxilla than the mandible and more often unilateral than bilateral, with single maxillary unilateral cases being predominant. They were frequently associated with various dental developmental abnormalities. Treatment approaches varied, with most supplemental teeth remaining unextracted. Clinicians should pay close attention to dental abnormalities and conduct regular follow-ups to detect and prevent potential complications caused by supplemental teeth at an early stage. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of Short-term Clinical Effects of Different Crown Restorations of Deciduous Teeth HUO Huan, ZHANG Yu, ZHAO Rigetu, ZHANG Haibing 2025, 41(11): 982-986.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.11.010 Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (3097KB) ( 24 )   Objective: To observe the clinical effects of metal preformed crowns, DMG LuxaCrowns, digitally aided design/digitally aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) resin crowns, and 3D printed resin crowns of deciduous molars. Methods: A total of 240 large-area defects of deciduous teeth were enrolled which were received metal preformed crowns (group A), DMG LuxaCrown crowns (group B), CAD/CAM resin crowns (group C), and 3D printed dental crowns (group D) (n=60) after root canal treatment, respectively. After 1 year of follow-up observation, the modified USPHS standard was used to evaluate the restoration, tooth, periodontal and other indicators, and the operation time of each group was recorded. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between groups B, C, D, and group A in terms of margin fit, secondary caries, adjacency, food impaction, gingival response, restoration integrity, abrasion, and coloration (P>0.05). The operation time of groups A and B was significantly shorter than that of groups C and D (P<0.05). Conclusion: DMG LuxaCrowns, CAD/CAM resin crowns, and 3D printed resin crowns have good short-term clinical effects in restoration, tooth, and periodontal aspects, and can replace metal preformed crowns for deciduous molars. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Finite Element Analysis of Anterior Teeth under Different Attachment Designs and Movement Distance PAN Yan, LIU Xin, CHEN Jingchen, ZHANG Jili, HU Yanan, ZHANG Qian 2025, 41(11): 987-992.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.11.011 Abstract ( 20 )   PDF (3428KB) ( 11 )   Objective: To study the influence of different moving distances and attachment designs on anterior teeth when the mandibular first molar was mesial moved with clear aligner. Methods: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging data from an adult patient were selected and established physical model to simulate the mesial movement of the posterior teeth under different moving distances and attachment designs, and the influence on anterior teeth was analyzed. Results: Under different moving distances and attachment designs, the anterior teeth consistently exhibited a tendency that the crown was inclined to move to the distal side and the root to the mesial and labial sides. Both mandibular lateral incisors and canines showed lingual crown inclination. As the moving distance increased, the anterior teeth displayed a trend of intrusion, with greater intrusion observed at larger moving distances. Conclusion: Anterior anchorage is more likely to be lost as the moving distance of posterior teeth increases. Additionally, greater attachment retaining force results in stronger reaction forces on anterior teeth. The torque compensation for anterior teeth should be designed to effectively control the torque of anterior teeth during molar mesial movement. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Promoting of Enamel Remineralization by CPP-CSH After Interproximal Enamel Reduction: An In Vitro Study LIANG Yuanfan, DENG Wenzhen, WANG Ziyi, HOU Xiaolu, LIU Chang, ZHANG Liping, LIANG Yongqiang 2025, 41(11): 993-997.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.11.012 Abstract ( 21 )   PDF (3146KB) ( 15 )   Objective: To investigate the remineralization effect of casein phosphopeptide-calcium silicate hydrate (CPP-CSH) on enamel after interproximal enamel reduction (IER) and evaluate its potential as a safe caries-preventive material. Methods: CPP-CSH solutions at 1%, 3%, and 5% concentrations were prepared. Different concentrations of CPP-CSH solutions were applied to interproximal enamel-reduced tooth surfaces. The oral environment was simulated through pH cycling experiments. The remineralization efficacy was evaluated via energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis, microhardness testing, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to screen the optimal concentration, which was then compared with 10% CSH, Duraphat, and Tooth Mousse. Results: The 1% CPP-CSH group showed the highest Ca/P ratio (P<0.05), significant microhardness improvement (P<0.05), and the smoothest enamel surface with minimal scratches under SEM. The 1% CPP-CSH outperformed 10% CSH (P<0.05) and demonstrated comparable efficacy to Duraphat (P>0.05). Conclusion: 1% CPP-CSH effectively promotes enamel remineralization after IER, offering an alternative to fluoride-based agents and a novel clinical option for post-IER caries prevention. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Removal of Intracanal Separated Instrument in Right Upper Second Molar by Ultrasound Techniques under Dental Microscope: A Case Report OUYANG Chuhong, NING Huili, XIANG Shaowen, TONG Fangli 2025, 41(11): 998-1001.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.11.013 Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (2725KB) ( 23 )   Instruments separation is one of the most easily occurred complications during root canal therapy, and is also a challenge to endodontic dentists. Here we reported a case of retrieval of the separated file within palatal canal of the right maxillary second molar by using the ultrasonic technique under microscope, and root canal therapy was completed. Ultrasonic technique under microscope is one of effective methods in retrieval of intracanal instruments separation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Treatment of Peri-implantitis of Maxillary Central Incisor by Er:YAG Laser Combined with Surgery: A Case Report HAN Cui, ZHONG Weijian 2025, 41(11): 1002-1005.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.11.014 Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (5679KB) ( 15 )   The treatment outcome of moderate peri-implantitis with mixed bone defect was reported in a maxillary central incisor restoration. Implant surface decontamination was accomplished by surgical debridement with Er:YAG laser, and bone augmentation with sticky bone substitute was performed simultaneously. Perfect peri-implant biological seal was achieved with implant polishing and soft tissue augmentation, and final bone regeneration and gingival recontouring were observed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Extraction of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars Close to Inferior Alveolar Nerve: A Case Report HOU Yujiao 2025, 41(11): 1006-1008.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.11.015 Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (1081KB) ( 24 )   Inferior alveolar nerve injury secondary to extraction of the mandibular third molars (MTM) is a common complication (0.35% to 8.4%) and can cause temporary or permanent nerve damage. Several methods have been proposed to reduce or eliminate this complication, such as orthodontic traction-assisted tooth extraction, crown amputation and root retention, etc. The purpose of these series of cases is to extract mandibular third molars that are in close contact with the inferior alveolar nerve with no or low risk. In this article, we will introduce a case of extraction such molars after removing the eruption of tooth with proximal coronary resistance, and discuss the application value of this method. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bilateral Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics as Adjuvant Therapy for Patient with Skeletal Class Ⅲ Malocclusion: A 4-Year Follow-Up Case Report ZHANG Maoqi, WU Jing, HE Hong, CAO Zhengguo, WANG Xiaoxuan 2025, 41(11): 1009-1014.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.11.016 Abstract ( 19 )   PDF (6857KB) ( 15 )   Patients with skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion typically need combined orthodontic-orthognathic treatment for complex morphological and functional issues, and the "thin-scalloped" periodontal phenotype further complicates this treatment. Periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) significantly improves the safety and feasibility of such combined treatment. This article presents a 4-year follow-up of a skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion patient who underwent bilateral PAOO as auxiliary therapy. Results demonstrated that PAOO notably reduced the treatment risk, increased buccal and lingual bone thickness in the surgical area, deepened the vestibular sulcus, maintained long-term stable therapeutic effects, and caused no complications like infection or gingival recession. References | Related Articles | Metrics