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28 May 2026, Volume 42 Issue 5 Previous Issue   

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Progress on Accuracy of Static Virtual Interocclusal Record SHI Shuqi, LI Fenglan 2026, 42(5): 363-367.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.001 Abstract ( 34 )   PDF (836KB) ( 53 )   With the boom in digital dentistry, accurate acquisition of the patient's maxillomandibular relationship has become a prerequisite for formulating and implementing restorative plans. Although conventional occlusal records are relatively well-established, they still have limitations such as complex procedures, prolonged chairside time, and poor patient comfort. Static virtual interocclusal record can partially mitigate these deficiencies, but its accuracy and influencing factors still require further investigation. This article reviews the recording methods of static virtual interocclusal record, as well as the factors influencing its accuracy and the evaluation methods, aiming to provide a reference for their clinical application. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Alveolar Bone Remodeling and Root Resorption during Anterior Teeth Retraction WANG Wenting, LIN Xingnan 2026, 42(5): 368-372.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.002 Abstract ( 26 )   PDF (1030KB) ( 25 )   Bimaxillary protrusion, a prevalent dentofacial deformity, is characterized by excessive lip protrusion in the lateral profile. It originates from either dental causes (proclined incisors) or skeletal factors (jaw abnormalities). The standard treatment involves premolar extractions followed by anterior retraction. However, this approach carries risks of alveolar bone loss and root resorption, which vary according to force magnitude/duration and individual patient factors. This review examines the critical determinants of these complications during retraction and provides evidence-based clinical recommendations. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Influencing Factors of Dental Arch Morphology from Multi-dimensional Perspective YIN Ting, RUAN Xiaohui 2026, 42(5): 373-377.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.003 Abstract ( 20 )   PDF (815KB) ( 18 )   As the core research object of orthodontics, the morphological characteristics of dental arch directly regulate tooth arrangement, occlusal function, and facial aesthetics. This review focuses on the systematic study of dental arch morphology, and deeply analyzes the regulatory mechanism of its development and stability. Genetic factors (genes, family aggregation, and racial differences) lay a congenital foundation. Environmental factors (maternal health and nutrition during embryonic development, exposure to pollution during childhood), bad oral habits, abnormal bite relationships, and oral diseases acquire effects through multiple pathways. At the same time, this review summarizes the evolution of dental arch measurement technology from traditional two-dimensional to three-dimensional digitization, elucidates the characteristic correlation between dental arch morphology and malocclusion, and its direct effects on chewing efficiency, pronunciation function, and facial aesthetics. Targeted clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies are proposed to provide theoretical support for oral medicine research and precision orthodontic practice. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Physical and Antibacterial Properties of Glass Ionomer Cement Modified by EGCG-loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles CHEN Hailin, ZHANG Xueqiong, CAI Jiajing, HU Chen, WU Qian 2026, 42(5): 378-385.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.004 Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (3487KB) ( 8 )   Objective: To explore the optimal integration concentration of epigallocatechin gallate-chitosan nanoparticles (EGCG-NPs) incorporated into glass ionomer cement (GIC) for enhancing its physical and antibacterial properties. Methods: EGCG-NPs were prepared via the ionic crosslinking. The nanoparticles were characterized by morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), and release behavior. Specimens were prepared by adding EGCG-NPs at different mass fractions (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 wt.%) and screened based on indicators including compressive strength, aging resistance, water absorption and solubility, fluoride ion release, and antibacterial activity. Cytotoxicity evaluation was also performed. Results: Within 28 days, the compressive strength of GIC first increased and then decreased with the increase of EGCG-NPs content, reaching a peak at 1 wt.%. The water absorption and solubility of the material were increasingly affected by the addition of EGCG-NPs. The antibacterial activity and fluoride ion release level of GIC were positively correlated with the concentration of EGCG-NPs. All groups of materials showed no cytotoxicity. Conclusion: The addition of 1 wt.% EGCG-NPs can maximize the compressive strength and antibacterial ability of GIC, significantly reduce its solubility (P<0.05), without affecting water absorption, and exhibit a trend of enhancing fluoride ion release. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Study on Flexural Strength of Four Different Digital Dental Base Materials ZHAO Tianran, LIU Yuxiao 2026, 42(5): 386-390.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.005 Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (4101KB) ( 5 )   Objective: To compare the flexural strength of four different digital dental base materials, and provide evidence for their clinical application. Methods: Four different digital dental base materials including two milling resin [computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and ADT resin] and two 3D printing resin (HGT resin and HJT resin) were selected and fabricated samples with the size of 80 mm×10 mm×4 mm (n=8). A three-point bending test was carried out by using a Universal Testing Machine. The flexural strength were calculated, and the failure mode of the samples was observed by SEM. Results: Statistical difference was found between milling samples and 3D printing samples for fracture resistance and flexural strength (P<0.05). Statistical difference was also found between CAD/CAM PMMA and ADT resin (P<0.05) while not found between HGT resin and HJT resin (P>0.05) for flexural strength and fracture resistance. The flexural strengths of two 3D printing resins were lower than 65 Mpa. The failure modes of four resins were all brittle fracture. Conclusion: The flexural strength of CAD/CAM PMMA and ADT resin meet the requirements of digital complete denture base resin, while that of HGT and HJT resin is lower than the requirements. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary Evaluation and Analysis of Digital Occlusal Splint Therapy for Temporomandibular Disorders WEI Yunpeng, GUO Ruitong, MENG Jiali, CHEN Yun, SHI Peihua, YI Yingjie, WU Guofeng, ZHAO Sufeng 2026, 42(5): 391-397.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.006 Abstract ( 14 )   PDF (5325KB) ( 9 )   Objective: To introduce the manufacturing method and treatment process of a full-range digital occlusal splint in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders, and to evaluate its therapeutic effect preliminarily. Methods: From May 2023 to February 2025, 66 patients diagnosed with temporomandibular disorders in Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University were divided into three groups: anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDwR), anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDwoR), and unilateral anterior disc displacement with reduction and unilateral anterior disc displacement without reduction. A non-parametric test was used to analyze the changes of visual analog scale scores for pain, diet, mandibular function, and quality of life and maximum interincisal opening before and at least 8 weeks after digital occlusal splint treatment (α=0.05). Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference of treatment efficiency among the three groups (α=0.05). Results: Sixty-six patients (19 males and 47 females) were enrolled, with a mean±standard deviation age of (25.92±9.92) years and a mean ± standard deviation follow-up of (10.92±11.27) weeks. After the digital occlusal splint treatment, the pain, diet, mandibular function, and quality of life were significantly improved (P<0.05), with effective rates of 73.2%, 76.9%, 71.9%, and 74.1%, respectively. Compared to patients with ADDwoR, patients with ADDwR had better mandibular function improvement after digital occlusal splint treatment (P=0.005). Conclusion: The clinical effect of digital occlusal splint in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders is significant. For ADDwR patients with mandibular dysfunction, the therapeutic effect of digital occlusal splint is better. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of Traumatic Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis Model in Rats FANG Yue, LI Ning, LV Tianyang, HENG Yumin, LIAO Xiaoyu, LIU Changkui, Hu Kaijin 2026, 42(5): 398-404.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.007 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (8143KB) ( 12 )   Objective: To establish the traumatic temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TTMJA) model in rats through a combined trauma approach. Methods: Thirty 3-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were selected and numbered from 1 to 30. They were randomly divided into the control group (n=15) and the experimental group (n=15). The left temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of the experimental group underwent a modeling surgery to induce TTMJA, while the right TMJ received a sham surgery. The control group was raised under normal conditions without any special treatment. Eight weeks after the surgery, the SD rats were sacrificed, their body weight and the maximum passive opening degree in the vertical direction were examined, and the TMJ complex was observed grossly, by Micro-CT, and with histological staining. Results: Eight weeks after the operation, the body weight and the maximum passive vertical mouth opening of the rats in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.001). Gross observation revealed that the joint space on the surgical side of the experimental group disappeared, while that on the sham surgery side remained normal. Micro-CT showed that the surface and gap of the joint on the surgical side had increased calciumized bone callus, and the joint volume had increased. Histological staining revealed that 60% of the rats in the experimental group had newly formed cartilage and calcified bone tissue in the joint space on the surgical side, forming bone bridges and bony joint ankylosis. Conclusion: The SD rat TTMJA model established in this experiment is similar to the human homologous disease in terms of gross anatomy, imaging, and histology, and is an effective experimental carrier for studying the mechanism of this disease. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanical Force in Conjunction with RANKL Enhances Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Resorption during Rapid Palatal Expansion by NF-κB/NFATC1/TRAP Signaling Transduction ZHAI Rongping, LI Jing 2026, 42(5): 405-413.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.008 Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (18619KB) ( 4 )   Objective: To detect the mechanism of osteoclastogenesis during palatal expansion and analyze the role of NF-κB signal transduction in this process. Methods: Forty 8-week-old male C57/BL6J mice were randomly divided into a control group, a 3-day expansion group, a 5-day expansion group, and a 7-day expansion group. Open springs were bonded to incisors to achieve palatal expansion process. After harvest, micro-CT was used to observe bone remodeling. Tissue sections were prepared and histological changes were observed by HE staining. Osteoclasts were observed by TRAP staining. Tissue samples were collected for RNA extraction, and RT-qPCR was performed to detect the expression of osteoclast-related genes Ctsk and Trap. RAW264.7 cells were used to simulate mechanical loading in vitro and divided into a control group, a force group, a RANKL treatment group, and a RANKL + force group. The regulatory effects of force combined with RANKL on osteoclastogenesis and the NF-κB/NFATC1/TRAP signaling transduction were examined by TRAP staining, immunofluorence staining, and western blot. Results: Mechanical force significantly increased the width of the palatal suture in mice and induced bone remodeling. Bone volume showed a decreasing trend from the early to middle stages of expansion. The number of osteoclasts first increased and then decreased over time, peaking in the 5-day group [(16.00±1.63) cells]. The expression of Trap and Ctsk genes also showed an initial increase followed by a decrease. RANKL expression was the highest in the middle expansion stage [5-day group, (31.75±2.75) positive cells], while OPG expression continued to increase until the late stage. Force promoted NF-κB nuclear translocation in RAW264.7 cells and increased the expression of NFATC1 and TRAP proteins. The combination of force and RANKL significantly enhanced this process. Conclusion: Mechanical force enhances the NF-κB/NFATC1/TRAP signaling transduction in osteoclasts, promoting osteoclast activation and bone resorption during the early stage of palatal expansion. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes USP13 Inhibit NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Induce M2 Polarization of Macrophages GAO Jiaming, YUE Jiasheng, ZHANG Naixin 2026, 42(5): 414-420.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.009 Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (2590KB) ( 4 )   Objective: To investigate the regulatory effect of ubiquitin-specific protease 13 (USP13) in gingival mesenchymal stem cell (GMSCs)-derived exosomes (GMSCs-Exos) on macrophage polarization. Methods: GMSCs-Exos were isolated and identified. Their morphological structure was observed via transmission electron microscopy, and the expression levels of exosomal markers CD9 and CD63 were determined using Western blotting. THP-1 cells were induced to differentiate into macrophages with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Immunofluorescence staining verified the uptake of GMSCs-Exos by macrophages. Macrophages were divided into five groups: control group (macrophages cultured alone), model group (macrophages with M2 polarization induced by IL-4 and IL-13), GMSCs-Exos group (macrophages co-cultured with GMSCs-Exos), GMSCs-Exos + USP13 siRNA group (macrophages co-cultured with GMSCs-Exos and USP13 small interfering RNA), and GMSCs-Exos + nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) agonist (Compound-32) group (macrophages co-cultured with GMSCs-Exos and Compound-32). The interaction between USP13 and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B alpha (IκBα) was analyzed using co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). Western blotting was used to determine the expression levels of USP13, IκBα, p65, phosphorylated p65 (p-p65), and M2 markers (CD206 and Arg1) in macrophages. Flow cytometric analysis measured the proportion of CD206-positive cells on the cell surface. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) quantified the levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and arginase-1 (Arg1) in the macrophage supernatant. Results: GMSCs-Exos exhibited a typical vesicular morphology and high expression levels of CD9 and CD63. Following internalization of GMSCs-Exos by macrophages, USP13 bound to IκBα, which reduced the ubiquitination level of IκBα. Compared with the control group, the model group and GMSCs-Exos group showed decreased levels of p-p65 and nuclear p65, along with increased cytoplasmic p65 levels. Additionally, these two groups exhibited elevated expression levels of M2 markers (CD206 and Arg1), an increased proportion of CD206-positive cells on the cell surface, and higher levels of TGF-β, IL-10, and Arg1. By contrast, compared with the GMSCs-Exos group, the GMSCs-Exos + Compound-32 group displayed opposing trends in the aforementioned M2 polarization indicators. Conclusion: Following internalization of GMSCs-Exos by macrophages, the interaction between USP13 and IκBα reduces the ubiquitination level of IκBα. This, in turn, inhibits the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 in macrophages, ultimately promoting macrophage M2 polarization. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Study on Inhibition of Dental Plaque and Reduction of Gingival Inflammation by Toothpaste Containing Dipotassium Glycyrrhetate LI Lifen, WU Fengjuan, LIU Jitao, ZHANG Yina, SONG Kang, GAO Feng 2026, 42(5): 421-425.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.010 Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (861KB) ( 3 )   Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of toothpaste containing dipotassium glycyrrhizinate on inhibiting dental plaque and reducing gingival inflammation. Methods: This study used a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial method. Volunteers who met the inclusion criteria and did not meet the exclusion criteria were selected as subjects. The subjects were first subjected to supragingival scaling to remove calculus. The control group and the experimental group were set up. The experimental group used the experimental toothpaste, and the control group used the toothpaste without dipotassium glycyrrhizinate. The Quigley-Hein plaque index was examined before and 1 week after the use of the product, and the Loe-Silness gingival index and bleeding index were examined before and 1 week, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks after the use of the product. Results: At baseline, there was no significant difference in plaque index, gingival index, and bleeding index between the control group and the experimental group (P>0.05). One week after the product was used, the plaque index of the experimental group was 1.51±0.46. The plaque index of the control group was 1.77±0.45, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.01). The gingival indexes of the experimental group at 1 week, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks were 1.26±0.26, 0.96±0.27, 0.51±0.19, and 0.32±0.25, respectively. Except for the first week, the gingival index of the experimental group was significantly different from that of the control group at the same visit point (P<0.01). The bleeding indexes of the experimental group at 1 week, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks were: 1.08±0.19, 0.96±0.17, 0.31±0.16, and 0.18±0.25, respectively. Except for the first week, the bleeding indexes of the experimental group were significantly different from those of the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion: The experimental toothpaste containing dipotassium glycyrrhizinate has the effect of inhibiting dental plaque, reducing gingival inflammation, and improving gingival bleeding. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Machine Learning-based Construction of Risk Prediction Model for Root Caries in Elderly Patients Aged 60 Years and Above in Shanghai WANG Hui, ZHANG Yi 2026, 42(5): 426-432.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.011 Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (1116KB) ( 10 )   Objective: To construct a risk prediction model for root caries in the elderly using machine learning, identify risk factors, and provide a basis for clinical screening and prevention. Methods: 4,826 patients aged ≥60 from Shanghai Yangpu District Central Hospital (2024-2025) were included. Data were collected via oral examinations, clinical records, and questionnaires. Risk factors were screened by multivariate Logistic regression. The dataset was split into training (70%) and validation (30%) sets. Four machine learning models were built using Python and evaluated effectiveness based on the area under curve (AUC). Results: The prevalence of root caries was 45.3%. Multivariate analysis showed 7 factors (e.g., age, diabetes) were significantly associated (P<0.05). The four models had AUC 0.849-0.894, with Logistic regression optimal and plaque index contributed most. Conclusion: Logistic regression had good predictive performance. Intervening on key risk factors can reduce root caries incidence in the elderly and improve oral health management. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Alpha-lipoic Acid on Salivary Oxidative Stress and Immune Indicators in Patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome and Pharmacodynamic Model Analysis WANG Bo, XU Xiaofang, SHI Peipei, ZHANG Meihua 2026, 42(5): 433-438.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.012 Abstract ( 8 )   PDF (1470KB) ( 4 )   Objective: To investigate the effects of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) on salivary oxidative stress and immune indexes in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS), and to model and evaluate the therapeutic effect of ALA on BMS. Methods: A total of 104 BMS patients admitted to our hospital from October 2023 to July 2024 were selected and randomly divided into ALA group (n=52) and control group (n=52). Patients in the ALA group were treated with lipoic acid capsules, while patients in the control group were treated with conventional treatment. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, oxidative stress in saliva, and humoral immunity were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. A pharmacological model for the time course of ALA treatment of BMS using a nonlinear mixed effects model (NONMEM) was established. Results: After treatment, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin (IgA), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in saliva of the two groups were significantly improved (P<0.001). Compared with the control group, the oxidative stress and humoral immunity indexes in saliva of the ALA group were better improved (P<0.001). After treatment, pain symptoms in both groups were significantly improved (P<0.001), and VAS scores in ALA group were lower than those in control group (P<0.001). The interaction effect of VAS score between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.001). It was found that VAS score before medication had significant influence on model parameter Emax. The final model parameters were Emax 5.83 minutes and ET50 2.47 weeks. The correction factor of baseline value for parameter Emax was 1.53, that is, for every 1 point increase of baseline VAS, the Emax value would increase by 1.53 points. Conclusion: ALA can effectively improve the salivary oxidative stress and immune indexes of BMS patients, and ALA can effectively reduce the pain symptoms of BMS patients, and its curative effect is better than conventional treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Microscopic Root Canal Treatment in Left Maxillary Second Molar with Dual Palatal Roots: A Case Report LI Zhenling, LU Yao, WANG Ke, WANG Xiaorong 2026, 42(5): 439-441.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.013 Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (6910KB) ( 53 )   The root canal system of maxillary second molars often exhibits variations, typically presenting with three roots and three canals. The occurrence of dual palatal roots is relatively rare. This article reports a case of bilateral maxillary second molars with dual palatal roots and describes the microscopic root canal treatment performed on the left maxillary second molar. This case highlights the complexity of root canal variations in maxillary second molars, reminding clinicians to conduct a comprehensive preoperative assessment of their root canal anatomy. When necessary, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and dental operating microscopy (DOM) could be employed to determine the position, number, and configuration of the root canals, thereby improving the success rate of root canal treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Digitalization Facilitates Orthodontic-prosthodontic Combined Treatment in Context of Targeted Restoration Space: A Case Report LIU Yujie, ZHANG Fang, LU Jie, LI Zheming, FANG Jinglin, LI Ming, XIAO Ting 2026, 42(5): 442-445.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.014 Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (4914KB) ( 17 )   Interdental spaces are one of the typical manifestations of oral aesthetic defects, and their treatment often requires the collaborative intervention of multiple disciplines such as orthodontics, prosthodontics, periodontics, and implantology. This article reports a case of orthodontic-restorative combined treatment guided by the target restoration space (TRS) with the assistance of digital technology. Digital technology was used to determine the TRS before orthodontics, and orthodontic space management was carried out under the guidance of TRS, with real-time monitoring and a goal-oriented approach, ultimately achieving the expected restorative effect. This provides a clear diagnostic and therapeutic approach for choosing the best treatment timing and reasonable plan when closing interdental spaces through cross-departmental cooperation in clinical practice. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Complex Crown-root Fracture Treated with Modified Crown Lengthening: A Case Report LIU Yanqing, XU Qiang 2026, 42(5): 446-449.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.015 Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (4702KB) ( 17 )   Crown root fracture is often accompanied by damage to the tooth body, pulp, and periodontal tissue, presenting complex clinical symptoms and posing significant challenges for treatment and restoration. In most cases, the affected tooth needs to be extracted. This article reports a case of complex crown-root fracture of lateral incisor. The function and aesthetics were well restored, following modified crown lengthening surgery and providing clinical experience for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with complex crown root fracture. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Postoperative Orthodontics after Alveolar Bone Grafting and Orthodontic-orthognathic Treatment in Patient with Unilateral Incomplete Cleft Lip and Palate: A Case Report KUANG Wenying, CAO Wenxuan, HUANG Jiaxin, HE Hong, YUAN Wenjun 2026, 42(5): 450-456.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.016 Abstract ( 18 )   PDF (12438KB) ( 11 )   This article reports the postoperative orthodontic treatment after alveolar bone grafting and subsequent orthodontic-orthognathic treatment for a patient with unilateral incomplete cleft lip and palate. At the initial visit, the patient presented with an unfavorable outcome after alveolar bone grafting, and skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion. Postoperative orthodontic intervention was first performed to improve the position of the teeth adjacent to the cleft and the local soft and hard tissue conditions. After growth was nearly complete, a visual treatment objective was used to assist in planning combined orthodontic-orthognathic treatment. After treatment, the anterior crossbite was corrected, normal overbite and overjet were established, the occlusion became stable, and both facial harmony and local cleft-site conditions improved. References | Related Articles | Metrics