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Enterococcus Faecalis LTA Activates NLRP3 Inflammasome by Promoting High Expression of ROS WANG Li-na, YE Dan-dan, WANG Jiao-jiao, NIU Wei-dong 2018, 34(2): 112-116.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.002 Abstract ( 309 )   PDF (3282KB) ( 331 )   Objective: To detect whetherEnterococcus faecalis LTA activates NLRP3 inflammasome by promotingreactive oxygen species expression. Methods: Mouse macrophages RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with Enterococcus faecalis LTA, and the expressions of NLRP3 protein and mRNA were detected by Western blot, ELISA, and real-time qPCR. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase oxidase inhibitor DPI inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was detected by fluorescence staining and flow cytometry. Results: After LTA was applied to RAW264.7 cells for 24 hours, the expressions of protein and mRNA of NLRP3, Caspase-1, and IL-1βwere significantly higher than those of negative control group (P<0.05). The DPI could effectively inhibit the production of ROS.When ROS expression was inhibited, the expressions of NLRP3 inflammatory protein and mRNA were significantly reduced. Conclusion: LTA is the virulence factor of Enterococcus faecalis activating NLRP3 inflammasome, mainly by the production of ROS. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effectiveness of XP-endo Finisher on Biofilm Removal from Oval Root Canals BAO Ping-ping,SHEN Jing, LI Meng-ci,FAN Ming-wen 2018, 34(2): 117-120.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.003 Abstract ( 360 )   PDF (1832KB) ( 289 )   Objective: To compare the effectiveness of XP-endo Finisher (XPF) in biofilm removal with passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) technique applied respectively or combinational using an infected oval-canal tooth model. Methods: Fifty-four extracted human premolars with single oval canals were selected. After growing multispecies biofilm for 4 weeks, 6 teeth were selected randomly as controls and observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM)to confirm the biofilm growth. The other teeth were instrumented using Vortex Blue files to size 40/.06 and then assigned to 4 groups (n=12) according to the irrigation protocol: CNI, PUI, XPF, and PUI+XPF. 3% NaOCl was used as the irritant. SEM images were taken from the apical, middle, and coronal third of the canal surface to evaluate the amount of residual biofilm. Results: The ranking of the effectiveness of biofilm removal from the most to the least was: PUI+XPF, XPF, PUI and CNI with no statistical difference between PUI+XPF and XPF (P>0.05). Conclusion: XPF was more effective in removing biofilm from oval root canals than PUI and CNI. The combination with PUI could slightly enhance the efficacy with no significant difference. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Glide Path Management of Rotary Nickel-titanium Instruments in Simulated Root Canals HAN Yi, BAI Yu-hao, HOU Xiao-mei 2018, 34(2): 121-124.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.004 Abstract ( 355 )   PDF (1520KB) ( 320 )   Objective: To compare the shaping ability of Scout RaCe, Hyflex GPF,S3 Superpass,PathFile and stainless steel K-file in simulated root canals. Methods: A total of 40 resin blocks were divided randomly into five groups (n=8), each of which was prepared with the corresponding instrument. Preparation time was recorded. Pre- and postoperative images were superimposed. And the material removal from the inner and outer canal walls was measured from the apexusing ImageJ to determine the centering ability. The data were analyzed using the One-way ANOVA at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: Preparation time for Scout RaCe and S3 Superpass was the shortest. For resin removal from the inner wall at the curvature portion and from the outer wall at the apical portion, Scout RaCeand Hyflex GPF exhibited much less cutting quantity than S3 Superpassdid.Moreover, Scout RaCe and Hyflex GPF demonstrated superior centering ability than S3 Superpasss. Conclusion: Scout RaCe and Hyflex GPF showed the least root canal removal and the best centering ability. S3 Superpass created more removal and its centering ability was comparable to PathFile. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of C4orf7 in Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Cells WU Yun, ZHAO Yan, JI Yao-ting, XIA Hai-bing, ZHANG Bi, WANG Yi-ning 2018, 34(2): 125-129.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.005 Abstract ( 305 )   PDF (3210KB) ( 209 )   Objective: To investigate the effect and potential mechanism of C4orf7 on the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligamentcells (PDLCs). Methods: HE and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining were used to detect the expression of C4orf7 in periodontal tissue. PDLCs were isolated and cultured by enzyme digestion method. Then, PDLCs were transfected with lentiviral vector containing C4orf7 plasmid (LV-c4orf7) or empty vector plasmid (LV-con) and induced inmineralization induction medium for 4,7, and 18 d. Quantification of osteogenic genes (ALP, COL1, RUNX2, and OCN) expression, ALP activity assay, and Alizarin red staining were used to assess the influence of C4orf7 on the osteogenic differentiation of PDLCs. Immunoprecipitation assay was performed to detect the interaction between C4orf7 and BMP2, COLⅠ, and COLⅢ. Results: IHC assay showed that C4orf7 was specifically expressed in periodontal ligament tissue. ALP activity and the mineralization nodules formation were attenuated by C4orf7 overexpression. The mRNA expression levels of osteogenic genes (ALP, COL1, RUNX2, and OCN) were all downregulated in C4orf7 transfected cells. Immunoprecipitation assay indicated that C4orf7 could bind with BMP2 while had no interaction with COLⅠ and COL Ⅲ. Conclusion: C4orf7 may have negative effect on osteogenic differentiation of human PDLCs by interaction with BMP2. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle CellInduced by Porphyromonasgingivalis. TANG Lu, XUE Dong, BAI Yu-hao, WANG Peng-cheng, LI Wen-ting, DONG Yan, ZHOU Wei, ZENG Hong-yan, ZHAO Ying 2018, 34(2): 130-133.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.006 Abstract ( 337 )   PDF (3789KB) ( 298 )   Objective: To explore the effects of porphyromonasgingivalis(P. gingivalis) on calcification of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). Methods: The primary culture of VSMC was isolated from the aortas of C57BL/6 mice. VSMC was infected with heat-killed P. gingivalis at different MOI. The viability of VSMC was examined after 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours respectively. The calcification and calcium of VSMC were detected after 21 days. Then, P. gingivalis was co-cultured with aorta of mice to investigate the calcification of aorta. Results: VSMC was identified by immunofluorescence staining with specific antibody α-SMA positive. The viability of VSMC stimulated by P. gingivalis(MOI: 10,100) was significantly increased after 24 and 48 hours.All MOI groups enhanced cell viability after72 hours (P<0.05). The calcium content was positively correlated with P. gingivalis MOI (P<0.05). Then, the calcification of aorta induced by P. gingivalis was observed. Conclusion: VSMC viability and calcification areinduced by P. gingivalis, which also results in aortic wall calcification. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway on Expressions of EMMPRIN/MMPs in Two Cell Culture Models LIU Xue-jiao, ZHANG Zhen, LI Cheng-zhang, SHANG Shu-huan 2018, 34(2): 134-138.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.007 Abstract ( 284 )   PDF (2707KB) ( 320 )   Objective: To investigate the effect of wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway on expressions of EMMPRIN, MMP-2, and MMP-9 by individual culture or co-culture human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs)and human immortalized oral epithelial cells (HIOEC). Methods: Immunofluorescence staining was used to determinethe expression of β-catenin. Dickkopf-1(DKK-1) and wnt3a were respectively used as inhibitor and activator of wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to stimulate HGFs and co-culture model.The expressions of relevant indicators in cells and supernatant were detected by western blot, Real-time PCR, and gelatin zymography. Results: The level ofβ-catenin was much higher in HIOEC than HGFs. When thewnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was suppressed, the levels of EMMPRIN, MMP-2, and MMP-9 increased (P＜0.05). On the contrary, when this signaling pathway was activated, the result was opposite (P＜0.05). Conclusion: Co-culture model is a proper method in this experiment, and the expressions of EMMPRIN, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were effectively decreased by activation of wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect and Mechanism of Propranolol on Proliferation, Migration, and Angiogenesis of Human Melanoma A375 cells ZOU Hai-xiao, YANG Hai-li, ZHAO Yi-fang, SONG Li 2018, 34(2): 139-143.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.008 Abstract ( 293 )   PDF (2783KB) ( 375 )   Objective: To investigate the effects and its mechanism of different dose of propranolol on the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of human melanoma A375 cells. Methods: A375 cells were treated with 1, 5, 10 and 20 μmol/L propranolol respectively in vitro. MTT method was used to detect the effects of propranolol on the proliferation ability of A375 cells. Wound healing assay was used to detect the effect of propranolol on the cell migration. Tube formation assay was used to investigate the angiogenesis ability of A375 cells on the HUVEC. RT-PCR and western bolt were used to assay the effect of propranolol on the expression of VEGF, MMP-9, and CXCR4. Results: Propranolol did not significant affect the proliferation of A375 cells. It might suppress the migration, tube formation, and pro-angiogenesis ability of A375 cells by inhibiting the expression of VEGF, MMP-9, and CXCR4 in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: Propranolol may play a role in suppressing the migration and angiogenesis of A375 cells by inhibiting the expression of VEGF, MMP-9, and CXCR4. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Influencing Factors of Life Quality of Patients with Oral Cancer after Reconstruction QIN Shuai-hua,LI Xin-ming,LI Wen-lu 2018, 34(2): 144-147.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.009 Abstract ( 302 )   PDF (771KB) ( 356 )   Objective: To investigate the effect of repair and reconstruction on the quality of life of patients with oral cancer after tumor resection. Methods: The postoperative patients with oral cancer who were reconstituted with the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMM) and the free anterolateral thigh flap (ALT) were assessed respectively with the University of Washington Quality of Life Scale (UWQOL),Chinese version 4.0. After scoring,the data were analyzed to investigate the influence of age, sex, neck dissection, the extent of resection, mandibular central split approach, dental condition, and radiotherapy on the quality of life of patients. Results: The survey issued a total of 98 questionnaires, in which 85 questionnaires were recovered. The recovery rate was 86.7%. Among them, 40 patients (47%) was PMM flap, and 45 patients (53%) was ALT flap. In patients treated with the PMM flap, age, cervical lymph node dissection, mandibular central split approach, and radiotherapy significantly affected the quality of life of the patients. Whereas in patients treated with the ALT flap, age, sex, neck dissection, mandibular central split approach, and radiotherapy significantly affected the quality of life. Conclusion: The common factors affecting the quality of life in both groups were age, neck dissection, mandibular central split approach, and radiotherapy. Clinicians should give full consideration to the possible changes in the quality of life of patients for each step of the treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of MUC1-siRNA on Migration, Invasion, and PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway of Human Tongue Cancer Tca Cells DENG Xuan, YANG Fang 2018, 34(2): 148-151.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.010 Abstract ( 269 )   PDF (1625KB) ( 243 )   Objective: To explore the influence of MUC1 on migration, invasion, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway of human tongue cancer Tca8113 cells. Methods: MUC1 specific siRNA plasmid was established, and liposome Lipo fectamineTM2000 was applied to transfer MUC1-siRNA plasmid into tongue cancer Tca8113 cells. The expression levels of MUC1 mRNA and protein, cell proliferation and apoptosis, migration and invasion ability in three groups were detected. The expression levels of PI3K, p-Akt and Akt in the PI3K-Akt pathway were also detected. Results: After verified by double enzyme digestion, PCR and DNA sequencing, MUC1-siRNA expression vector was successfully constructed. MUC1 mRNA and protein expression levels in the interference group were significantly lower than those in the negative control group and blank control group (P<0.05). MUC1-siRNA could significantly inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of Tca8113 cells, and reduce the level of PI3K, p-Akt, Akt protein expression, migration, and invasion of cells. Conclusion: MUC1-siRNA can obviously inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tongue cancer Tca8113 cells, and promote cell apoptosis. It is speculated that the mechanism may relate to the the expression inhibition of PI3K-Akt. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Calpain 1 Gene Silencing by RNA Interference on Proliferation and Migration of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines HSC3 ZHANG Hou-hua, FAN Hua-li 2018, 34(2): 152-156.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.011 Abstract ( 290 )   PDF (4033KB) ( 312 )   Objective: To explore the silencing effect of calpain 1 by RNA interference on cell proliferation and migration in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line HSC3. Methods: siRNA expression vector (siRNA-calpain 1) against the calpain 1 gene was transiently transfected into HSC3. The proliferation was tested by MTT method. The cell cycle and apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The cell migration and invasion were assessed by Transwell assay. The expression of TGF-β RII, Vimentin, Smad2, Smad3, phosphorylated Smad2/3, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, MMP-2, and MMP-9 protein were detected by western blot. Results: The expression of calpain 1 in HSC3 cell lines was significantly higher than those in NOKSI cell lines (P<0.05). Compared with the blank group and the si-NC group, the expression of calpain 1 was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with si-NC group, the viability of si-calpain group was significantly decreased after 48 h, 76 h and 96 h after transfection with si-calpain1 (P<0.05). The proportion of G0/G1 phase cells in si-calpain group was significantly increased, while the proportion of S phase cells was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The expression of E-cadherin in si-calpain group was significantly increased, while cyclin-D1, cyclin-E, Vimentin, N-cadherin, MMP-2, MMP-9, TGF-β RII, Smad2, Smad3, p-Smad2/3 protein expression were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion: siRNA silencing calpain 1 gene can inhibit cell proliferation by inhibiting cell cycle G0/G1, and inhibit cell migration and invasion by inhibiting MMPs and EMT. This process involves TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sedative Effects of Dexmedetomidine for Patients Retained with Tracheal Intubation after Repair of Forearm Flap in Oral Cancer WANG Li, LI Jian-guo 2018, 34(2): 157-160.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.012 Abstract ( 316 )   PDF (774KB) ( 209 )   Objective: To investigate the sedative effect and safety of dexmedetomidine for patients with indwelling nasal tracheal duct in the intensive care unit (ICU) after oral forearm flap repair. Methods: Forty patients with oral nasal tracheal ducts who underwent oral forearm flap repair were divided into two groups randomly. The sedative drug onset time to reach the target sedation range and the time the patients were awake after the drug had been withdrawn were recorded. The total dosage of the sedative drug for both groups was recorded. The Ramsay sedation scores before using sedative (T0), 30 min (T1), 1 h (T2), 2 h (T3), 6 h (T4), and 12 h (T5) after injection of sedative and 10 min (T6) after extubation were recorded. The incidence of respiratory depression, and bradycardia and hypotension was recorded. The incidence of delirium was recorded. The mortality during treatment was recorded. Results: Midazolam and dexmedetomidine both resulted in a Ramsay score within 2-4. The recovery time of dexmedetomidine was significantly faster than that of midazolam (P＜0.05). The total dosage of analgesics required in the dexmedetomidine group was less than that in the midazolam group (P＜0.05). Midazolam may be more likely to cause respiratory depression (P＜0.05). The number of patients who have delirium in midazolam group was significantly lower than that in the dexmedetomidine group (P<0.05). Conclusion: In a certain range of dosage, dexmedetomidine and midazolam can meet the needs for sedation in ICU patients. And dexmedetomidine has analgesic effect. Dexmedetomidine can reduce the incidence of delirium in ICU patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of in Situ Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles to Antibacterial Modification of Resin Adhesives FAN Yue, MENG Xiang-feng 2018, 34(2): 161-164.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.013 Abstract ( 288 )   PDF (1778KB) ( 226 )   Objective: To endow the resin bonding agents with antibacterial characteristic by applying the in situ synthesized silver nanoparticles, and to evaluate the antibacterial properties of resin bonding agents. Methods: The sliver 2-ethylhexanoate was dissolved into 2-(tert-butylamino) ethyl methacrylate to form a silver amine solution with a mass fraction of 8%. Then the silver amine solution was added to the adhesive part of Clearfil SE Bond, obtained three resin adhesives having 0wt%, 0.10wt%, and 0.20wt% of 2-ethylhexnoate respectively. All groups were irradiated by 1 000 mW/cm2 for 20s to form specimens with diameter of 6mm and thickness of 1 mm. The size and distribution of silver nanoparticles were observed and measured by transmission electron microscope. Specimens were separately immersed in the sterile artificial saliva for 1 day or 1 week. After the saliva immersion, the resistance to streptococcus mutans of each group was calculated by colony counting method, and the antibacterial effect on the bacterial membrane was observed using a live/dead bacterial staining method under laser confocal microscopy. Results: The mean particle sizes of the group of 0.10wt% and 0.20wt% under transmission electron microscopy were respectively 3.12±0.82 nm and 3.64±0.65 nm, and the dispersion of the silver nanoparticles were evenly. The antimicrobial activity was significant after immersing in saliva for 1 day. After 1 week of immersion, the antibacterial activity of the 0wt% group was decreased, and the antimicrobial activity of 0.10wt% and 0.20wt% were increased, and significantly higher than that of 0wt% group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The application of in situ synthesized silver nanoparticles is feasible in the antibacterial modification of resin bonding agent. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering by Selective Laser Sintering ZENG Hao, WANG Min, CHEN Dong, SHI Bin, BAI Yi 2018, 34(2): 165-168.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.014 Abstract ( 232 )   PDF (2301KB) ( 260 )   Objective: To prepare biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering by selective laser sintering and to evaluate the biocompatibility of the scaffolds. Methods: After fully mix of biphasic calcium phosphate powders and epoxy resin powders, the green parts of biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds were fabricated by a selective laser sintering machine. Then the epoxy resin was burned during sintering in muffle furnace to get final scaffolds. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to examine the composition of scaffolds. The scaffolds surface was observed by scanning electron microscope. The morphology of MC3T3-E1 cells adhered on scaffolds was observed by confocal laser scanning microscope after culture for 7 days. CCK-8 assay and living-dead staining were performed to evaluate the cell growth. Results: After sintering in muffle furnace, the remained epoxy resin was removed. The porous structure could be found on the surface of scaffolds. MC3T3-E1 cells could distribute well on the surface of scaffolds. The result of CCK-8 assay showed that there was no significant differences on cell viability between cells cultured in scaffolds and in culture plates at day 10. Conclusion: Selective laser sintered biphasic calcium phosphate not only possesses porous structure but also has good biocompatibility. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Adhesion of Dental Pulp Stem Cells on Zn/polylactic-co-glycolic acid/hydroxylapatite Composite Scaffolds with Different Zinc Contents in Vitro LIU Xu-yan, WU Zhao-yu, WANG Ran-xu, HE Li-na, PAN Shuang, NIU Yu- mei 2018, 34(2): 169-171.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.015 Abstract ( 294 )   PDF (1166KB) ( 209 )   Objective: To prepare Zn/polylactic-co-glycolic acid/hydroxylapatite(Zn/PLGA/HA) composite scaffolds with different zinc contents and evaluate the adhesion of dental pulp stem cells on Zn/PLGA/HA composite scaffolds. Methods: Zn/PLGA/HA composite scaffolds with different zinc contents (0.5, 1 and 2wt%) and HA(20wt%) content were fabricated by solvent casting and particulate leaching technology.The control group was fabricated with PLGA and 20% HA without Zinc.The surface structure of the scaffolds was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The tensile strength of the scaffolds was detected by an electro-mechanical universal testing machine.Human dental pulp stem cells were cultured with Zn/PLGA/HA composite scaffolds with different zinc contents.The cell adhesion ability was measured by DAPI staining. Results: The tensile strengths of 1% and 2% Zn groups were higher than that of control group(P<0.05). The scaffolds showed high porosity (87.6%) and the pores were highly interconnected.The pore size was 158~372 μm. The cell adhesion ability in 0.5% Zn group was better than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: One and two percent Zn groups show a higher tensile strength, while the adhesion ability of hDPSCs in 0.5% Zn group is better in vitro, which provides a theoretical basis for zinc-containing scaffold in tissue engineering. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Repeated Firings on Adhesion of Zirconia with Different Coloring Methods FENG Jing-jing, YU Hao, CHENG Hui 2018, 34(2): 172-175.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.016 Abstract ( 285 )   PDF (2038KB) ( 420 )   Objective: To investigate the effects of repeated firings on the adhesion of zirconia with different coloring methods. Methods: Two hundred and twenty-five bar-shaped zirconia specimens (10 mm×10 mm×1.5 mm) were prepared and randomly divided into 3 groups: stained by immersion (A2 shade), pre-shaded (A2 shade), and the control group (white). Each group was further divided into 5 subgroups, which were sintered for twice, triple, four times, five times, and six times, respectively. The self-adhesive resin cement tubes (Speed CEM), with a diameter of 1 mm, were bonded on the specimen surfaces. After 2 000 thermal cycles, an universal testing machine was used to measure the micro-shear bond strength of the resin cements to zirconia. A stereo microscope was used to observe the fracture model. Furthermore, SEM and EDS were applied to obverse the surface topography and composition of the zirconia. Results: Along with the multiple firings, the micro-shear bond strength of the resin cement to the zirconia was increased. The specimens fired for 6 times showed the best adhesion property. The micro-shear bond strength of the zirconia stained by immersion was significantly higher than other groups. Conclusion: Zirconia stained by immersion showed better adhesion property. Moreover, the firing times affected the zirconia adhesion property. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Periodontal Biotype on Aesthetic Result of Delayed Implantation Underwent GBR in the Aesthetic Zone DUAN Zi-wen, MA Yu, WANG Bin-jie, AZIGULI Azhati, NIJIATI Tuerxun 2018, 34(2): 176-180.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.017 Abstract ( 279 )   PDF (1882KB) ( 259 )   Objective: To determine whether periodontal biological types influence the aesthetic result of delayed implantation underwent guided bone regeneration (GBR) in the aesthetic zone. Methods: A total of 32 patients were randomly enrolled. Through observation or periodontal probing, 15 cases with thin gingival biotype were included in Group A, and 17 cases with thick gingival biotype were included in Group B. The thickness of gingiva at the crest of alveolar and 3mm under the crest of alveolar was measured before implantation and before the abutment was connected. After the completion of upper structure for 0, 6, and 9 months, both pink aesthetic index (PES) and white aesthetic index of crowns (WES) were evaluated, respectively. Results: As to the thickness of gingiva at 3 mm under the crest of alveolar bone, for Group A, it (1.39±0.34 mm) was less than 1.5mm before implantation (P>0.05); for Group B, it was more than 1.5 mm before and after implantation (P<0.05). As to the thickness of gingiva at the crest of alveolar bone, for both Group A and Group B, it was more than 1.5 mm before and after implantation (P<0.05). There was difference between Group A and Group B before and after implantation (P<0.05). The scores of PES after 0, 6, and 9 months were: Group A (9.90±0.99), (11.53±0.82), (10.77±0.77), Group B (11.03±0.80), (12.32±0.64), (11.59±0.61). Group B was better than Group A (P<0.05) and there was significant difference among different time points within each group. The scores of WES after 0, 6, and 9 months were: Group A (7.23±0.63), (8.20±0.48), (7.83±0.59), Group B (7.50±0.56), (8.38±0.49), (8.15±0.61). There was no difference between Group A and B (P>0.05) and significant difference among different time points. There was significant correlation between both groups. Conclusion: 1) The delayed implantation underwent GBR can increase the gingival thickness at the alveolar crest and 3mm under the alveolar crest; 2) The patients with thick gingival biotype were more likely to acquire good red aesthetic result during the delayed implantation underwent GBR. 3) PES is positively related to WES in patients with different gingival biotype after delayed implantation underwent GBR (r2=0.185). References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Modified Mini-invasive Flapless Surgery in Dental Implantation: A Clinical Report HE Kong-yan, CHEN Yan, MIAO Ying, MIAO Hai-mei 2018, 34(2): 181-185.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.018 Abstract ( 265 )   PDF (1443KB) ( 310 )   Objective: To access the clinical outcomes of modified minimally invasive (MMI) and traditional minimally invasive (TMI) surgical technique in oral implantation. Methods: Subjects eligible for this study were randomly assigned into two groups: modified minimally invasive group and traditional minimally invasive group. The evaluation items were the following: implant installation position, soft tissue swelling, the operative time, post-surgical pain, marginal bone loss (MBL), and implant survival rate. Results: Sixty subjects were included in the study. None of the implants demonstrated dehiscence or loss during the follow-up. Subjects in MMI group showed significantly lower post-surgical pain at 24 hours and significantly less wound swelling index scores at 3 days follow-up. At every appointment in the study, no statistical significant difference of MBL was found between two groups. Conclusion: Compared with TMI group, single implant placed applying the MMI technique in selected subjects showed advantages in improving patient comfort and decreasing post-implant placement soft tissue reaction. Meanwhile, implants with MMI approach have the same level of MBL and high success rates as TMI procedure at 6-months follow-up. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Assessment of CGF in the Maxillary Sinus Floor Lift WANG Na, QU Zhe, ZHOU Hong-zhi, CHEN Xiao-dong 2018, 34(2): 186-189.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.019 Abstract ( 416 )   PDF (3958KB) ( 464 )   Objective: To study the clinical effect of maxillary sinus floor lift with CGF in the posterior maxillary region after implant restoration. Methods: After maxillary sinus floor lift, 120 cases were collected during March 2013 to December 2016, whose vertical bone height was insufficient. The maxillary sinus floor lift with CGF was used to promote bone height. 169 implants were implanted simultaneously and 14 cases were delayed. The upper restorations were completed after 6 to 8 months. The numbers of Straumann and Bego implants are 136 and 33, respectively. All cases were followed up for 3 to 4 years. Results: Bone height was increased in the posterior maxillary region. The implants achieved good osseointergration. No implant was loose or falling down. Clinical effect was satisfied. Conclusion: Sinus floor elevation with CGF and simultaneously implantation achieved remarkable clinical effectiveness in the posterior maxillary region. CGF could promote new bone formation, and could be a reliable auxiliary technology for bone augmentation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on Mandibular Bone Mineral Density with Dental Fluorosis WANG Hai-hui, CHU Ke-jia, ZHENG Zhi-jun, LIANG Ying, PENG Ju-xiang 2018, 34(2): 190-192.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.020 Abstract ( 284 )   PDF (1276KB) ( 260 )   Objective: To compare the mandibular bone mineral density with different degrees of dental fluorosis. Methods: Eighty orthodontic patients were divided into heavy group, medium group, mild group, and control group. Mandibular bone mineral density was measured with panoramic mandibular index. Results: The mandibular bone mineral density of experimental groups was lower than that of control group, and inversely proportional to the degree of dental fluorosis (P<0.05). Conclusion: Dental fluorosis reduced the mandibular bone mineral density, the more severely the degree of dental fluorosis exhibited, the lower the bone mineral density was. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Anatomical Variation of Greater Palatine Groove and Its Relationship with Palatal Vault Morphology by Cone-beam Computed Tomography ZHANG Rui, XUE Fei 2018, 34(2): 193-197.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.021 Abstract ( 356 )   PDF (1805KB) ( 325 )   Objective: To investigate the anatomical variability of greater palatine groove (GPG) and to explore its relationship with palatal vault morphology of young Han population. Methods: Cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) images of 214 young patients were measured. The morphology and relative locations, as well as the above mucosal thickness, of GPG were assessed and the relationship of the palate vault morphology was discussed. Results: 98.0% male and 98.2% female subjects were found at least onegreater palatine groove.Depending on morphology, all grooves were divided into depressed type, deepgroove with crest type, double grooves type, and tubular type. The distance between GPG and the relative molar's CE Jin the male was longer thanthat of the female(P<0.05). It was the same with the mucosal thickness of the GPG at the second molar.The distance of GPG-CEJin high-vault group was longer than low-vault group(P<0.05). Conclusion: The morphology of GPG in young Han population is diverse, mainly in depressed type and deep groove with crest type. And the gender and the palatal vault morphology are related to the relative position of GPG. CBCT assessment can be an efficient and accurate used in treatment design and reduce the postoperative complications. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Retrospective Study on Orthodontic Appliances Used to Correct Anterior Crossbite with Functional Mandibular Shift in Mixed Dentition CHEN Hui-xia, HE Zhan-fei, QIN Yan-jun, LI Yuan 2018, 34(2): 198-202.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.022 Abstract ( 307 )   PDF (3845KB) ( 299 )   Objective: To compare the effectiveness and efficiency of orthodontic appliances used in correcting anterior crossbite with functional mandibular shift in the mixed dentition. Methods: Forty-seven patients treated in our department were selected. The inclusion criteria was: mixed dentition, anterior crossbite with functional mandibular shift, mild space deficiency in the maxilla, a non-extraction treatment plan, retracted to an edge-to-edge incisor relationship, no history of systemic disease, and written consent obtained. The patients were treated either with a removable appliance with protruding springs combined with/without facemask protraction or a fixed appliance with multi-brackets combined with removable mandibular appliance or a FRIII combined with myofunctional training. The main outcome measures assessed were success rate, duration of treatment, times of visit, and costs of treatment. Results: The anterior crossbite was successfully corrected in all patients except one self-terminated case. The average duration and cost of patients treated with removable appliance without facemask were significantly lower (P<0.05). The alignment of four maxillary incisors in the fixed appliance group was more aesthetic, however, extraordinary retention was needed. Conclusion: Anterior crossbite with functional mandibular shift in the mixed dentition can be successfully corrected by either removable or fixed or FRIII appliance therapy in a short-term perspective. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Applications of Canine Animal Model in the Studies of Oral Tissue Regeneration WEI Ling-fei, LIU Zhong-hao 2018, 34(2): 203-205.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.023 Abstract ( 329 )   PDF (765KB) ( 446 )   With the development of regenerative medicine, the studies of oral tissue regeneration have been widely carried out. Animal model is a common and necessary tool for studying tissue regeneration. The anatomical morphology, chewing pattern, tissue structure, and regeneration process of the canine are highly close to human. Canine has wide range of sources and is widely used in the study of oral tissue regeneration. Based on the literatures in recent years, this paper reviews the application of canine animal model in the study of oral tissue regeneration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Urine-derived Stem Cells and Their Potential Applications in Oral Maxillofacial Tissue Engineering and Regeneration QU Jiao-jiao, WANG Shuai, WU Jia-yuan 2018, 34(2): 206-208.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.024 Abstract ( 264 )   PDF (773KB) ( 287 )   Urine-derived stem cells (USCs) are novel adult stem cells existing in urine which possesses highly expandability, self-renewal capacity, paracrine properties, and multi-differentiation potential. In tissue regeneration, as a new source of cells, the USCs have excellent feasibility and safety. Most importantly, the body has a substantial source of USCs, which can be harvested easily in a non-invasive manner, regardless of the age, sex, and health condition of patients. USCs have been used in preclinical animal models to repair or regenerate tissue, employing either trans-differentiation or paracrine effects to stimulate endogenous cells participating in tissue regeneration. The potential application of USCs in oral maxillofacial tissue regeneration is reviewed in this paper. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review on Research of Supernumerary Tooth PENG Bo, ZENG Su-juan, GE Lin-hu 2018, 34(2): 209-212.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2018.02.025 Abstract ( 594 )   PDF (826KB) ( 1008 )   Hypoplasia of teeth is a human common dysplasia, including tooth eruption anomaly, number anomaly, and morphology and structure anomaly. Supernumerary teeth represent one of the most common human tooth malformations that exceed the normal number of teeth from dental formula. It can be classified as morphology, including conical, tuberculate, supplementary, and odontomas. The studies show that the prevalence of supernumerary teeth in permanent dentition is higher than that in deciduous dentition, and higher for male than female. Complications associated with supernumerary teeth include dental impaction, delayed eruption, ectopic eruption, the formation of follicular cysts, dilaceration or abnormal development of the root, overcrowding and spacing anomalies. Supernumerary teeth can be associated with cleidocranial dysplasia, Gardner syndrome, and cleft lip and palate. Substantial research related to supernumerary teeth has been conducted. This study aims to provide a review of literature on supernumerary teeth and corresponding analyses of their etiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, and associated disease. References | Related Articles | Metrics