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Advances in Nanomedicine Strategies to Target Tumor-associated Macrophage SUN Hong-chen, LI Xing 2019, 35(6): 511-516.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.001 Abstract ( 313 )   PDF (925KB) ( 278 )   Tumor associated macrophage (TAM), one of the most important immune cells in tumor microenvironment, plays an important part in the occurrence and development of tumor. TAM-targeted immunotherapy is the frontier and hotspot of tumor therapy. Due to its excellent physical and chemical properties, nano-drug delivery system provides a new idea and direction for targeted regulation of TAM. In this paper, the current situation of targeted regulation of TAM by nanomaterials to kill tumor cells is reviewed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Biomimetic Enamel Mineralization Induced by Proteins and Peptides from Oral Cavity. HU Die, ZHANG Ling-lin 2019, 35(6): 517-520.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.002 Abstract ( 366 )   PDF (804KB) ( 550 )   During enamel biomineralization, ameloblasts secrete proteins to mediate the hydroxyapatite crystallites to form the well-organized prism pattern. Finally, a highly complex and ordered enamel structure is formed. When the enamel is destructed, it is of great difficulties and high popularity to find biomimetic reparative materials or methods that can induce the regeneration of enamel microstructure at present. Among them, enamel biomimetic mineralization using proteins derived from oral environment and their derived peptides is a promising way to rebuild the enamel. In this paper, we review the advancement of enamel biomimetic mineralization induced by proteins and their derived peptides from oral cavity according to the latest reports in recent years. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advancement in XP-endo Series Nickel-titanium Instruments XIN Yue,YANG Jian 2019, 35(6): 521-523.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.003 Abstract ( 316 )   PDF (783KB) ( 399 )   Root canal preparation is a critical procedure of root canal therapy. Due to the anatomic complexities of the root canal system, even when instrumentation is carefully performed using modern file systems, 30%-50% of the canal wall surface area may remain untouched and cover with biofilm. Recently, XP-endo series nickel-titanium instruments are launched to improve the cleaning effectiveness of root canal preparation. XP-endo nickel-titanium instruments are made of proprietary alloy, the NiTi MaxWire, which can react at different temperature levels. XP-endo has incredible flexibility and extreme cyclic fatigue resistance, which can adapt to canal morphology and enhance the efficiency of root canal preparation. In this paper, physical property, bio-safety, and mechanical cleaning of XP-endo series nickel-titanium instruments are reviewed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Nanoparticles on Bone Tissue Engineering GAO Xiao-meng, GAO Hai 2019, 35(6): 524-526.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.004 Abstract ( 385 )   PDF (785KB) ( 491 )   The nanoparticle is one of the major topics in bone tissue engineering. Nanoengineered systems are now able to more closely mimic the structures observed in naturally occurring systems. It also has increased mechanical properties, enhanced biologic activity, adhesiveness, induction, and proliferation of cells, which demonstrate a promising prospect. This review focused on the researches on common nanoparticles. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Effects of Platelet-rich Fibrin on Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells. XU Fang-fang, YIN Li-hua 2019, 35(6): 527-530.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.005 Abstract ( 226 )   PDF (811KB) ( 243 )   Stem cells are the cells with high proliferation and multi-directional differentiation potential, which can be transformed into osteoblasts under specific induction conditions and promote bone tissue regeneration. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is produced by the centrifugation of autologous venous blood, which is rich in a large number of growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein 2, platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor, which can contribute to the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Numerous studies have confirmed that PRF can significantly promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. Therefore, this paper reviews the progress of PRF development, preparation methods, structure and composition, and the effects of proliferation and osteogenic differentiation on stem cells. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Autophagy in Dental Pulp Repair CHEN Jie, XU Hua-xing, CHENG Shu-hua, ZHANG Qi 2019, 35(6): 531-536.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.006 Abstract ( 212 )   PDF (5642KB) ( 367 )   Objective: To investigate the roles of autophagy in dental pulp injury and repair process by observing the changes of its expression after injury. Methods: Sixty 8-week-old male SD rats were exposed and directly capped on the first maxillary molars. Rats were sacrificed on days 1, 3, 7, and 14, dental pulp repair was detected with HE and Masson's trichrome staining. Inflammation markers TNF-α, CD68, and autophagy proteins LC3B and Beclin1 were detected by immunofluorescence staining. Damaged pulp tissue and dental pulp cells (DPCs) treated with LPS in vitro were extracted to detect the expression of inflammation, mineralization, and autophagy genes by real-time quantitate PCR. Results: Inflammation was increased gradually from 1st to 3rd day after operation, but no obvious inflammation was observed at 14th day. New collagen fibers were formed (P<0.05). Autophagy related proteins were mainly expressed on the cytoplasm and membrane of DPCs, odontoblasts, and vascular endothelial cells. The mRNA level of tissue showed that inflammatory markers IL-1β, CD68, and TNF-α were peaked at 3th day and then gradually decreased; the mineralization markers COL1, DSPP, and DMP1 were increased gradually after injury. LC3B and Atg5 reached the peak after 12 hours, decreased to the bottom after 24 hours, and then gradually increased; Atg12 and Beclin1 showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing. The trend of mRNA in DPCs was consistent with pulp tissue (P<0.05). Conclusion: During the process of dental pulp injury and repair, autophagy participates in the development of pulp inflammation and promotes the repair of pulp tissue. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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DSPaa183-219 Regulates Activity of Smad Protein by Interacting with Integrin β6. GOU Xiao-hui, CHAI Ji-hua, YUAN Guo-hua 2019, 35(6): 537-540.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.007 Abstract ( 205 )   PDF (2192KB) ( 313 )   Objective: To investigate the effects of DSPaa183-219 on the intracellular activity of Smad protein through binding to integrin β6. Methods: Immunofluorescence and western blot assay were used to detect the expression levels of Smad1/5/8 and phospho-Smad1/5/8 protein in the odontoblasts after treated with DSPaa183-219 fragments. Anti-β6 antibody was used to inhibit integrin β6, and immunofluorescence and western blot assay were used to determine the expression pattern of Smad1/5/8 protein in the odontoblasts after treated with DSPaa183-219 fragments. Results: After stimulated by DSPaa183-219 fragments, phosphorylated-Smad1/5/8 in the odontoblasts was up-regulated and translocated to the nucleus. After treated with integrin β6 inhibitor (anti-β6 antibody), and followed by adding DSPaa183-219 to the medium for different time periods, phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad1/5/8 in the odontoblasts induced by DSPaa183-219 were effectively blocked. Conclusion: DSPaa183-219 binds to integrin β6 on the cell surface and induces Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in the odontoblasts. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Collagen Gel Encapsulating Naringin on Proliferation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. XIAO Wan-lu, PAN Shuang, HOU Ting-ting, LI Yan-ping, HE Li-na, NIU Yu-mei 2019, 35(6): 541-545.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.008 Abstract ( 211 )   PDF (4625KB) ( 230 )   Objective: Naringin/collagen gel complex was constructed and its effects on the proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were investigated. Methods: HDPSCs were isolated and cultured in vitro. Proliferation ability of hDPSCs in various concentrations of collagen gel was analyzed using a cell counting kit -8 (CCK-8) assays. HDPSCs and different concentrations of naringin were encapsulated in the collagen gel. CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate the effect of naringin/collagen gel complex on the proliferation of hDPSCs. Results: The optimal collagen gel concentration was 1 g/L, which could enhance the adherence and growth of hDPSCs. In addition, the best ratio of naringin to collagen gel was 0.2∶1, which promoted the growth and proliferation of hDPSCs. Conclision: Naringin/collagen gel complex possesses a good cellular compatibility with hDPSCs. As a scaffold material, it can provide space for hDPSCs to proliferate. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Fluoride on Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus Mutans Fluoride-resistant Strains YANG Yao-yao, ZHANG Zhi-min, ZHAO Hong-yan, GUO Xin-wei, LIU Lu, LING Xiao-xu, QU Tian 2019, 35(6): 546-550.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.009 Abstract ( 235 )   PDF (4033KB) ( 250 )   Objective: To observe the in vitro film formation process of Streptococcus mutans fluoride-resistant strains and compare them with parental strains; and to investigate the effect of fluoride on the biofilm formation of fluoride-resistant strains. Methods: Streptococcus mutans fluoride-resistant strain and parental strain were divided into parental group (Streptococcus mutans parental strain grown in fluorine-free BHI medium), fluoride-resistant group (fluorine-resistant strain grown in fluorine-free BHI medium), and fluorine-containing group (the fluoride-resistant strain was grown in BHI medium having a fluorine content of 1 g/L). The biofilm formation of three groups at 6h, 12h, 18h, 24h, 36h, and 48h was observed by crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy, and laser confocal microscopy. The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 21.0 one-way analysis of variance. Results: (1) The biofilm biomass was observed to increase with time by crystal violet staining, which reached the maximum at 24-36 h and was relatively stable. There was no significant difference in biofilm biomass between the parental group and the fluoride-tolerant group (P>0.05). The biomass of the fluoride group was significantly less than the fluoride-resistant group at the six time points (P<0.05). (2) Scanning electron microscopy showed that the structure of biofilm became more complicated with the increase of time, and the fluorine-containing group did not form a complete biofilm during the experimental time. (3) The laser confocal experiment showed that the biofilm showed green fluorescence at 6h-24h through live bacterial death, and the biofilm was mainly composed of 36h-48h biofilm, which was mainly yellow. There were significant statistical differences in bacterial density and viable ratio between the experimental groups at different time points (P<0.01). Conclusion: There is no significant difference in the in vitro formation of fluoride-resistant strains and parental strains of Streptococcus mutans. Fluoride has a significant inhibitory effect on the formation of biofilms resistant to fluoride. This experiment lays the foundation for the research of the follow-up drugs on the prevention and treatment of biofilm and the study of metabolomics. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Observation and Failure Analysis of CAD/CAM Glass-ceramic Inlay in Restoration of Molar Caries FENG Er-mei, LIU Yao, SHI Yan 2019, 35(6): 551-554.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.010 Abstract ( 208 )   PDF (1555KB) ( 284 )   Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy and analyze the failure reason of CAD/CAM glass-ceramic inlay in restoration of molar caries. Methods: 85 patients with 102 molar teeth were recruited, including 30 molar teeth with typeⅠcavity and 72 with typeⅡcavity. According to the modified USPHS criteria, clinical efficacy were evaluated 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months after CAD/CAM inlay restoration, and the cause of repair failure was analyzed. Results: After 6 months of treatment, the success rates of type Ⅰ cavity was 100% and type Ⅱcavity was 95.8%; 1 case of inlay was fallen off, 1 case was food impaction, and 1 case was postoperative sensitivity. 12 months after treatment, the success rates of typeⅠcavity was 96.7%, 1 case was broken; the success rates of typeⅡcavity was 94.4%, 3 cases were fallen off, 1 case was secondary pulpitis. 18 months after treatment, the success rates of typeⅠcavity was 93.3%, 2 cases were broken, the success rates of typeⅡcavity was 93.1%, 5 cases were fallen off. All fallen inlay were occurred in typeⅡcavity with deep caries. Conclusion: CAD/CAM glass-ceramic inlay can be used as a reliable choice for the restoration of molar caries. But dentist should select suitable cases for a successful inlay restoration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression and Significance of Eya4 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma GAO Xu, ZHOU Yang, LI Chen, XUE Xiao-han, WEI Xiu-feng 2019, 35(6): 555-558.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.011 Abstract ( 202 )   PDF (2149KB) ( 192 )   Objective: To study the expression and significance of eya4 protein in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: The expression of eya4 in oral mucosa of 60 patients with OSCC and 20 controls with normal oral mucosa (NOM) were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Results: Statistical analysis showed that eya4 was highly expressed in NOM tissues and highly differentiated OSCC squamous cell carcinoma tissues, with expression rates of 100% and 95%, respectively, while expression rate was only 5% in poorly differentiated OSCC squamous cell carcinoma tissues. This indicated that eya4 might be involved in the development of OSCC disease. In addition, by studying the relationship between the expression of eya4 and various clinicopathological parameters, the expression was not related to the age and sex of the patient. However, the eya4 expression levels were significantly lower in patients with lymph node metastasis than in patients without lymph node metastasis. Conclusion: Eya4 may influence the occurrence, development, and metastasis of OSCC. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Lentivirus Mediated Down-regulation of Med19 Expression Enhances Sensitivity of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma to Cisplatin WANG Rui, LI Li-heng, XU Ai-wen, AN Feng 2019, 35(6): 559-562.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.012 Abstract ( 186 )   PDF (1002KB) ( 207 )   Objective: To investigate the effect of down-regulation of lentivirus-mediated mediator 19 (Med19) expression on the sensitivity of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells to cisplatin. Methods: Med19 shRNA was transfected into tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells. The interference effects were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Cisplatin treated tongue squamous cell carcinoma with Med19 downregulation. MTT and flow cytometry were used to detect the cell proliferation and apoptosis. The levels of C-Caspase-3, C-Caspase-9, and Bax were detected by Western blotting, and the levels of Cyt-c in cytoplasm and mitochondria were detected by Western blotting. Results: The expression level of Med19 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma increased. Transfection of Med19 shRNA could reduce the expression level of Med19 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. The proliferation of tongue squamous cell carcinoma treated with Med19 or cisplatin decreased, and the rate of apoptosis increased, the level of C-Caspase-3, C-Caspase-9 and Bax protein increased in cells. The expression level of Cyt-c protein in the cytoplasm increased, and the expression level of Cyt-c protein in mitochondria decreased. The effect of down-regulation of Med19 combined with cisplatin on the proliferation and apoptosis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells and the release of Cyt-c from C-Caspase-3, C-Caspase-9, Bax and mitochondria were greater. Conclusion: Down regulation of Med19 can enhance the sensitivity of tongue squamous cell carcinoma to cisplatin. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular Mechanism of MicroRNA-9 Influencing Invasion of Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Cells XU Chuan, LI Ya-nan, QIAO Dan, GU Huan, ZHONG Luo, WU Jian, YU Tao 2019, 35(6): 563-567.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.013 Abstract ( 191 )   PDF (2198KB) ( 169 )   Objective: To investigate the effect and regulatory mechanisms of microRNA-9 on invasion of human salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) cells. Methods: The expressions of microRNA-9 (miR-9) from ACC-2 cells and ACC-M cells were analyzed using qRT-PCR after transfected with miR-9 lentivirus. Cell invasion was measured by transwell experiment after transfection. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases family and tumor-related signaling pathways in SACC cell lines after transfection. SPSS 16.0 was used to analyze the data. Results: MiR-9 expression was remarkably down-regulated in the ACC-M cells in contrast to ACC-2 cells (P<0.01). After 72h transfection, the expression of miR-9 was increased in both ACC cells (P<0.01). MiR-9 overexpression triggered to a decreased cell invasion after transfection for ACC-M cells (P<0.01). The expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins were significantly decreased after transfection in the ACC-M cells, while AKT protein phosphorylation was significantly decreased. Conclusion: Upregulation of miR-9 can inhibit the invasion of SACC cells. The mechanism might relate to the down-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mediated by AKT signaling pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of MSA on Proliferation, Migration, Apoptosis, and Cell Cycle of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tca8113 and KB Cells ZHOU Tong, ZHANG Tong-fei, ZHANG Ze-bing, QUAN Hai-ying 2019, 35(6): 568-572.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.014 Abstract ( 216 )   PDF (2873KB) ( 181 )   Objective: To explore the influence of MSA on the proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and cell cycle of oral squamous cell carcinoma Tca8113 and KB cells. Methods: MTS assay was used to detect cell proliferation activity. Wound healing assay was used to detect the capability of cell migration. The cell cycle distribution and apoptotic rate were measured using flow cytometry assay. Results: MSA inhibited the proliferation of Tca8113 and KB cells and reduced the cell migration. MSA suppressed the apoptosis of Tca8113 and KB cells markedly in a dose dependent manner. Cell cycle was blocked at G2 stage and the number of cell at G1 and S stage was reduced when stimulated with MSA. Conclusions: MSA can inhibit the proliferation and migration, induce the apoptosis, and change cell cycle of oral squamous cell carcinoma Tca8113 and KB cells in vitro. MSA is expected to be a new method to prevent and treat the oral cancer. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Resveratrol Inhibits Glycolysis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Regulating mTOR/ PKM2 Axis XIONG Jing, HE Yuan-chun, LIU Jie, ZHANG Ying, LI Yong-qiang, QIU Yong-qi, ZHUANG Rui 2019, 35(6): 573-576.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.015 Abstract ( 221 )   PDF (1502KB) ( 226 )   Objective: To investigate the effect resveratrol on glycolysis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) by regulating mTOR/PKM2 axis. Methods: OSCC cell lines CAL-27 and SCC-15 were cultured and treated with different concentrations of resveratrol (0 μmol/L, 50 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L, 200 μmol/L, 400 μmol/L, and 800 μmol/L) for 24 h. Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay, and the value of IC50 was calculated. OSCC cells were treated with 250 μmol/L resveratrol or 10 nmol/L rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) for 24 h, and then the cellular glucose uptake was assessed by 2-NBDG staining. Lactate production in the cell supernatant and the activity of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase in the cells were detected using colorimetric method. The proteins expression of hexokinase-2 (HK2), M2 isoform pyruvate kinase (PKM2), mTOR, and p-mTOR in the cells were analyzed by Western blotting. Results: Resveratrol had an obvious inhibitory effect on the proliferation of CAL-27 and SCC-15 cells in a concentration dependent manner (P＜0.05). Resveratrol intervention significantly inhibited the glucose uptake and decreased the production of lactate in both OSCC cells (P<0.05). It also significantly inhibited the activity of pyruvate kinase and decreased the protein expression of PKM2 in CAL-27 and SCC-15 cells (P<0.05). However, it had no significant effect on the activity of hexokinase and the protein expression of HK-2 (P>0.05). At the same time, resveratrol intervention also significantly decreased the phosphorylation level of mTOR (P<0.05). In addition, rapamycin intervention could also inhibit glucose uptake, decrease the production of lac- tate and the phosphorylation level of mTOR, and down-regulate the protein expression of PKM2 in CAL-27 and SCC-15 cells. Conclusion: Resveratrol inhibits the glycolysis of OSCC cells, and its mechanism might relate to the inhibition of the mTOR/PKM2 axis pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Correlation between Posterior Teeth with Scissors Bite and Temporomandibular Disorders XU Ying-jie,SHAO Bo,JIA Meng-ying, GU Wen-yan, GONG Zhong-cheng 2019, 35(6): 578-582.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.016 Abstract ( 246 )   PDF (905KB) ( 323 )   Objective: To investigate the correlation between the position of posterior scissor bite and the number of scissor bite and temporomandibular disorders. Methods: 77 cases diagnosed as temporomandibular disorders with posterior scissor bite were selected. The position of scissors bite and the number of scissor bite teeth were counted. Data were analyzed by SPSS.21 statistical software. Results: A statistically significant correlation existed between the occurrence of osteoarthrosis and cross-bite in molar teeth (P=0.02). The position of cross-bite in the second and the third molar were more significantly associated with osteoarthrosis than the first premolar (P<0.05). The number of scissors bite in posterior teeth was statistically correlated with osteoarthrosis (P=0.03). Conclusion: Osteoarthrosis is closely related to the position of posterior teeth with scissors bite and the number of scissors bite teeth. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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CBCT Evaluation of Three Conservative Treatment Methods for Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthrosis LI Jing, LONG Xing, LIN Yan-hua, LIU Hai-peng, ZHOU Jian-ping 2019, 35(6): 583-586.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.017 Abstract ( 225 )   PDF (1309KB) ( 177 )   Objective: To assess the changes of condylar morphology in different conservation treatments through systematic review of relevant randomized controlled trials, and to provide image evidence for the treatment of temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis. Methods: 90 patients were randomly divided into 3 groups and given different conservative treatments. The condylar morphology and clinical symptoms were evaluated after 3 months and 9 months. The clinical parameters recorded were Fricton′s Craniomandibular index (CMI), maximal mouth opening (MMO), pain intensity on a visual analog scale (VAS), and CBCT radiographic data of 113 TMJs from 90 consecutive TMJ patients. Results: The surface of the condyle became smooth, the density of the cortical bone and the adjacent subcortical bone increased and osteophyte in condylar head decreased after 9 months treatment. In terms of the changes of the condylar bone, the group of joint injection plus stabilization splint were better than the other group (P<0.05). CMI, MMO, and VAS were significant decreased after 3 months and 9 months, but there were no significant differences among three groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Joint injection plus stabilization splint can promote the bone remodeling on the surface of condyle. Comparing to the other conservative treatment, it is an appropriate treatment for temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosishe. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Analysis of 446 Oral and Maxillofacial Traumatic Cases in Yili Area Pazilaiti·Xiaokelaiti, LI Wei-dong, ZHUANG Fang-lu, Adili·Moming 2019, 35(6): 587-590.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.018 Abstract ( 177 )   PDF (817KB) ( 322 )   Objective: To analysis the patients’ clinical databases with maxillofacial trauma in Yili area of Xinjiang automatic region, and to explore the epidemiological characteristics of trauma and preventive methods. Methods: The clinical data of patients with maxillofacial trauma hospitalized in the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery from January 2012 to December 2016 in Yili region were collected and analyzed. Results: Among 446 patients, the ratio of male to female was 3.6∶1.0, and ages from 20 to 40 years old (53.36%) was the peak incidence. As to the classification of career, farmer (53.8%) was the highest percentage group. The peak period of the injury period was from August to October (35.4%). Traffic injury (44.2%) was the most common cause of trauma, followed by falls from high places (21%) and violence (21%). Logistic regression analysis showed that the relative risk of facial fractures was higher than that of traffic injuries (OR=0.354, P<0.05). The higher the age, the relative risk of facial fractures increased 1.025 times. The relative risk of mandibular fractures was higher than that of traffic injuries (OR=0.024, P<0.05). Traffic injury was risk factor for mid-face fractures and mandibular fractures. Conclusion: Young and middle-aged people are the most common patients with oral and maxillofacial trauma in Yili area. Traffic injury is the main cause of injury, followed by fall injury and violence. The injury of craniocerebral is the most common in combined injuries. Age and trauma causing may be high risk factors in this area. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary Study on Low-frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Patients With Sleep Bruxism ZHANG Hong, LUO Xiao-ping, HUANG Li-juan,YANG Jia-ping 2019, 35(6): 591-594.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.019 Abstract ( 245 )   PDF (1392KB) ( 210 )   Objective: To evaluate the effect of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on patients with sleep bruxism. Methods: 30 patients with sleep bruxism participated in this study. The hot spot was defined at the spot where the AMT was elicited by the minimum stimulus intensity produced five discrete MEPs clearly. The active motor threshold was defined by the minimum stimulus intensity. The low-frequency rTMS was given at the hot spot using 90%AMT with 20 minutes on each side for a total of 40 minutes, for 7 consecutive days. Two days before and after the treatment, the patients were asked to ware a very thin splint made by Bruxchecker at night. Meanwhile, muscle palpation of the superficial and deep masseter muscle, and the anterior, middle and posterior portions of the temporalis was performed, and the scores of the evaluation of palpation given by the patients themselves were recorded. Results: Before the treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in the area of abrasion on the surface of the Bruxchecker and the scores of all muscle palpation. After 7 days of low-frequency rTMS treatment, the area of abrasion on the surface of the Bruxchecker was decreased (P<0.05). The scores of superficial and deep masseter, and the anterior portionof the temporalis were all significantly decreased (P<0.05). There was no significant change in the scores of the middle and posterior portions of the temporalis. Conclusion: The treatment by the low-frequency rTMS can reduce the incidence of bruxism and it is worthy of clinical application. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biocompatibility of Lactoferrin Composite Membrane on Pure Titanium Surface Treated by Micro-arc Oxidation Technology ZHANG Yi-dan,XIAO Yue,LI Mu-qin,YAO Hai-tao,YUE Shen-shen,ZHENG Yu-jing 2019, 35(6): 595-599.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.020 Abstract ( 172 )   PDF (5961KB) ( 162 )   Objective: To investigate the effect of microarc oxidation of titanium alloy with silane coupling agent manned and bovine lactoferrin on bone binding ability. Methods: Titanium alloy microarc oxidized (MAO) silane was used as control group (A). Experiment groups were: titanium alloy-MAO-silane-bovine lactoferrin (BLF) group (B) and titanium alloy-MAO-silane-human lactoferrin (HLF) group (C). They were implanted into the mandible of rabbits at random. Through cone beam three-dimensional imaging equipment (CBCT), the bonding between titanium implant and bone tissue was observed. And through scanning electron microscopy, the thickness of new bone and the morphology of implant-bone interface after implantation were observed. Results: Through CBCT, with the increase of time, the bone density around the implant increased and the range of transmission image narrowed. Group (C) was better than group (B), and group B was better than group A. After 8 weeks, the bone tissue healing was better in group (C), and group (B) was better than group (A). Scanning electron microscopy showed that the composite membranes in group (C) distributed evenly on the implant surface, and compared with group (A) and (B), the contents of Ca and P increased, the new bone quantity increased, and the elements of the composite membranes penetrated into the surrounding bone tissue more extensively. Conclusion: Titanium alloy microarc oxidation silane coupled with human lactoferrin composite membrane could shorten the time of bone binding and might have more osteoinductive ability. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Relationship between Occlusion Design of Implant-supported Restorations and Peri-implant Tissues Health HU Mi-na, LUO Shan-feng 2019, 35(6): 600-603.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.021 Abstract ( 220 )   PDF (1488KB) ( 231 )   Objective: To evaluate the relationship between occlusion design of implant-supported restorations and peri-implant tissues health. Methods: 203 implants were inserted into 154 patients with posterior teeth loss. The occlusal surfaces of implant-supported restorations were designed for cusp to circle sunken. Peri-implant bone loss, PD, GI, occlusal contact, and proximal contact were evaluated within 12 to 24 months follow-up. Results: In 12 to 24 months follow-up, the peri-implant bone loss was (0.86±0.21)mm and (1.05±0.30)mm, PD was (1.83±0.87)mm and (2.06±0.59)mm, respectively. There were no significant differences. There were 4 and 10 restorations with food impaction. GI was not significantly changed at different call back times. Conclusion: The occlusal surface of implant-supported restorations designed as cusp to circle sunken was useful to peri-implant tissues health. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of Interleukin-1β and Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 in Periodontal Tissues of Rat during Root Resorption HUANG Lin, FANG Wei-su, CAO Jun 2019, 35(6): 604-607.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.022 Abstract ( 171 )   PDF (1414KB) ( 195 )   Objective: To analyze the expression of interleukin-1β and matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the periodontal tissues of rat during root resorption. Methods: Thirty Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, each with ten rats. Group A was the blank control group, and no treatment was done. Group B was applied 40g force on the right upper incisor and the first molar, and group C was applied 100g force at the same position. The degree of root absorption of the teeth was observed by histologically. Before and after 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, interleukin-1β and matrix metalloproteinase-2 of gingival crevicular fluid were detected by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results: HE staining showed no obvious root absorption in group A, with dense periodontal membrane fibers and regular arrangement and bone resorption in group B, and the osteoblasts were cubic arranged at the margin of alveolar bone. In group C, periodontal fibers were disordered, and the root was absorbed at the bifurcation point and absorbed to the dentin layer. Before applying the force, there was no statistically significant difference in expression of interleukin-1β and matrix metalloproteinase-2 among three groups (P>0.05). After 1 day of force application, interleukin-1β and matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels in group A were (108.7±7.25)mg/L and(658.3±28.9)μg/L, (165.2±12.4)mg/L, and (702.3±30.4)μg/L in group B,(225.7±16.4)mg/L and(845.7±46.4)μg/L in group C. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05), and group C was significantly higher than group B and group A, reaching peak on the 7th day. Conclusion: The levels of nterleukin-1β and matrix metalloproteinase-2 are involved in root resorption, and monitoring them can provide new ideas for root resorption diagnosis and prevention. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ananalysis on Buccal Corridor Area Changes with Damon Q and 3M Smartclip Brackets XU Jing, PAN Yu, CHEN Yi-jia 2019, 35(6): 608-610.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.023 Abstract ( 275 )   PDF (770KB) ( 269 )   Objective: To evaluate the effect of Damon self-ligating and 3M smartclip bracket systems on buccal corridor area and maxillary arch width. Methods: A retrospective sample of consecutively treated patients using either 3M or Damon self-ligating brackets was analyzed to determine any differences in buccal corridor area both within and between groups. Pretreatment and post-treatment standardized frontal posed smile photographs and upper dental casts were taken. Results: There were no significant differences in any buccal corridor area either within or between the Damon and 3M smartclip system (P＞0.05). The inter second premolar and first molar width had significant changes in Damon system after treatment, and the changes had significant difference between two groups (P＜0.05). Conclusion: After treatment, arch width increases more in patients treated by Damon self-ligating brackets than 3M smartclip. There is no significant difference in buccal corridor width between patients treated with the Damon and 3M smartclip system. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Application of Silicone Rubber Impression Positioning Paralleling Technique HAN Chao, GAO An-tian, WANG Tie-mei, HUA Ling-chen, LI Hou-xuan, LIN Zi-tong 2019, 35(6): 611-614.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2019.06.024 Abstract ( 220 )   PDF (1355KB) ( 230 )   Objective: To explore the application of silicone rubber impression positioning paralleling technique in clinic practice. Methods: 24 periodontitis patients needed repair of periodontal bone defects and 24 endodontic patients needed root canal treatment were performed silicone rubber impression positioning paralleling technique and bisecting-angle technique respectively. The length of the tooth along the long axis of the tooth and the width of tooth at enamelo-cemental junction were measured on the digital periapical radiograph,which were divided into anterior teeth + maxillary molar group and mandibular molar group. Paired t test and reliability test was used to compare the differences and correlations of the periapical radiograph before and after treatment, SPSS 22.0 was used for analysis. Results: Although there was no significant differences of the length and width on periapical radiograph before and after treatment using paired t-test(P>0.05), compared with the bisecting-angle technique, the silicone rubber impression positioning paralleling technique showed stronger correlation, which suggested silicone rubber impression positioning paralleling technique was more stable. Conclusion: The silicone rubber impression positioning paralleling technique is reliable, stable, and relatively simple technique. It is suitable for the diagnosis and analysis of various dental diseases requiring longitudinal quantitative comparison. References | Related Articles | Metrics