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Research Progress on Antibacterial Mechanism and Bone Promoting Efficacy of Carbon Quantum Dots YAO Minhui, MA Qian 2024, 40(7): 573-577.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2024.07.001 Abstract ( 150 )   PDF (805KB) ( 401 )   Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) is a novel biofluorescent carbon nanomaterial which could be easily synthesized and modified. It has excellent properties such as good biocompatibility, chemical stability, and photoelectric properties. Moreover, CQDs shows great potential in the field of antibacterial and bone regeneration. In this study, we reviewed the common characteristics of CQDs, especially its antibacterial effects, antibacterial mechanism, and properties of promoting bone differentiation. Meanwhile, we investigate its potential role as a treatment agent for oral infectious maxillofacial bone defects. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Regulation of Macrophages Involvement in Periodontal Disease by Lactate/Lactation Modification WEI Yan, TIAN Ai 2024, 40(7): 578-582.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2024.07.002 Abstract ( 153 )   PDF (1354KB) ( 64 )   Lactate, as the end product of glycolysis, plays an important role in terms of energy sources, signaling molecules, and immune adjustment. Lactylation (Kla) is a newly discovered method to translate proteins based on lactate and lithium acid residues that are closely associated with a variety of inflammatory diseases. Peritoneal pathogens are the main cause of periodontitis (PD), which is an immune inflammation caused by the host's immune response. According to recent research, the increase of lactate content in periodontitis microenvironment leads to the increase of lactylation level, which can eventually slow down the spread of inflammation and help tissue repair by changing the polarization of macrophages and promoting the differentiation of bone cell. Therefore, this paper reviews the research progress of lactate/lactylation in regulating macrophage function and inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis in recent years, so as to provide reference for follow-up research and treatment of periodontitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Treatment Progress of Unilateral Posterior Crossbite GENG Hengdong, ZHANG Juan 2024, 40(7): 583-586.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2024.07.003 Abstract ( 108 )   PDF (785KB) ( 70 )   Unilateral posterior crossbite is a common malocclusion. The main manifestation is the narrowing of the upper dental arch and the inconsistent width of the upper and lower dental arches. In severe cases, aesthetic problems such as jaw deviation and facial asymmetry will occur. When the jaw, muscles, temporomandibular joints, and other aspects were affected, the health of mouth and jaw system may also be affected. Familiarity with the etiology, treatment timing, and clinical treatment techniques of unilateral posterior crossbite can help prevent and treat the disease. This article provides a review of the clinical treatment progress of unilateral posterior crossbite. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulatory Effects of XLαs on Cranial Bone Development through Influencing Mitochondrial Function ZUO Yiyi, HE Qing 2024, 40(7): 587-592.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2024.07.004 Abstract ( 91 )   PDF (2171KB) ( 29 )   Objective: To investigate the role and underlying molecular mechanism of extra-large stimulatory G protein alpha subunit (XLαs) in cranial bone development. Methods: Utilizing a genetically engineered mouse model lacking the specific exon 1 of XLαs, cranial morphology were analyzed through alician blue and alizarin red staining. Primary cranial osteoblasts were isolated and cultured in vitro, and induced for osteogenic differentiation. Gene expression patterns and functional analysis were assessed through quantitative RT-PCR and RNA-seq. Results: Knockout of XLαs in mice led to notably increased cranial suture width (P<0.05), expanded presence of unmineralized areas within cranial bones (P<0.001), and a significant reduction in osteogenic differentiation (P<0.01). Further, RNA-seq analysis revealed that XLαs deficiency disrupted mitochondrial function. Conclusion: XLαs plays a critical regulatory role in the cranial bone development by modulating mitochondrial function, which provides a novel therapeutic strategy for treating cranial developmental anomalies associated with GNAS mutations. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Endogenous Hyaluronan on Proliferation of Mouse Dental Papilla Cells HUANG Haiyan, YAN Yanhong, LIU Yuan, WU Jiayan, SONG Chenyu, JIANG Beizhan 2024, 40(7): 593-598.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2024.07.005 Abstract ( 83 )   PDF (8630KB) ( 50 )   Objective: To explore the effect of endogenous hyaluronan (HA) remodeling on the proliferation of mouse dental papilla cells (mDPCs). Methods: Fast-proliferating cells were labeled with EdU by intraperitoneal injection into mice at postnatal day 2.5. mDPCs were isolated, and then treated with different concentrations of hyaluronidase (HAase). The cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay and EdU assay. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. The transfection of siHyal2 caused HA accumulation and the cell proliferation was detected by EdU assay. Results: HA expression was mainly observed in the slow-proliferating mesenchymal cells in mouse incisors, while the expression of HA was decreased in transit-amplifying cells (TACs). The CCK-8 results indicated that 800 μg/mL HAase significantly promoted cell proliferation compared with the control group (P＜0.0001). After 48 h of HAase treatment, the EdU assay and flow cytometry results showed an increase in cellular DNA synthesis and a significant increase in the ratio of S-phase cells (P＜0.01). Additionally, early cell apoptosis was inhibited (P＜0.05). In contrast, the accumulation of HA around mDPCs was found to significantly inhibit cell proliferation (P＜0.01). Conclusion: The proliferation of mDPCs is closely related to endogenous HA. The degradation of HA promotes cell proliferation, which is inhibited by local HA accumulation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Amphiregulin Regulates Proliferation and Differentiation of ATDC5 Cells through PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway WANG Xinyi, WANG Xinru, WANG Shuo, WANG Jiawei 2024, 40(7): 599-604.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2024.07.006 Abstract ( 114 )   PDF (2520KB) ( 67 )   Objective: To explore the impact of amphiregulin (Areg) on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells. Methods: Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to assess Areg expression in ATDC5 cells. The expression of Areg in tibial growth plates underwent analysis via immunohistochemical staining. Lentivirus-mediated Areg overexpression or knockdown was conducted in ATDC5 cells, and the impact on cell proliferation was evaluated using CCK-8 assay. qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses evaluated the impact of Areg on osteogenic differentiation in ATDC5 cells on markers associated with 7-day, such as Sox9 and collagentype Ⅱ alpha1chain (Col2α1) or 14-day, such as collagentype Ⅹ alpha1chain (ColⅩα1), osteopontin (OPN), and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Cartilage matrix formation was assessed using staining techniques. Western blot analysis was conducted 7 days after initiating ATDC5 cells osteogenic differentiation to assess the phosphorylation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT) pathway. The phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT was attenuated following the administration of the p-AKT inhibitor MK2206. Results: Areg expression persisted throughout the osteogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells, peaking on day 7. Areg was highly expressed in chondrocytes of tibial growth plates. Furthermore, Areg overexpression significantly enhanced cell viability, chondrogenic differentiation and extracellular matrix formation. While the opposite effect was observed when Areg was knockdown. Areg overexpression activated PI3K/AKT pathway, and the addition of p-AKT inhibitor MK2206 reversed the activation. Conclusion: Areg promotes the proliferation of ATDC5 cells, and partially stimulates the osteogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells via the PI3K/AKT pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Oxidative Stress after Radiation on Apoptosis of Cells in Rats Submandibular Gland Maimaitituerxun·ABUDUNAIBI, Rezeye·MAIMAITIZUNONG, ZHANG Pengxin, QI Jia, WU Shihan, XU Hui 2024, 40(7): 605-610.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2024.07.007 Abstract ( 65 )   PDF (6242KB) ( 19 )   Objective: To observe the effect of oxidative stress induced by submandibular gland (SMG) radiation on apoptosis of acinar cells in rats. Methods: Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into control group, 24 h, 72 h, and 1 w group. The control group was not irradiated, the right SMG of the radiation group rats was received one-time 20 Gy radiation, and the saliva secretion of each group was detected. The tissue morphology of SMG was observed by HE staining. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected by ELISA. The positive expression of 8-OHdG was observed by IHC staining. The apoptosis of SMG cells was detected by TUNEL staining. The levels of apoptosis-related proteins BCL2-associated X protein (BAX), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3) were detected by western blot, and the mRNA expression was detected by RT-qPCR. Results: Salivary secretion was decreased after radiation. The pathological changes such as intracellular vacuolation, tissue edema, and gap widening were gradually increased. The cells showed obvious oxidative stress and apoptosis. The expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins BAX, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 were abnormal. Conclusion: Post-radiation oxidative stress may be an important factor affecting apoptosis and dysfunction of SMG cells. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Platelet-rich Fibrin on Biological Function of Gingival Fibroblasts WANG Yuhua, CHAI Jihua, ZHANG Haojian 2024, 40(7): 611-616.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2024.07.008 Abstract ( 71 )   PDF (2515KB) ( 16 )   Objective: To explore the effects of freeze-dried platelet-rich fibrin (FD-PRF) on human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and antibacterial property of FD-PRF, and to provide a new way for controlling refractory oral mucositis (OM). Methods: Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, scratch wound, and Transwell assays were used to investigate the effects of FD-PRF on hGFs’ cycle, proliferation, and migration. Pour plate and shaking culture methods were explored to investigate the antibacterial ability of FD-PRF. Results: CCK-8 assay showed that hGFs number increased significantly with the increase of FD-PRF concentration. In cell cycle results, proportions of cells at S-G2/M phase: 5%FD-PRF group>1%FD-PRF group > control group. And proportions of cells at G1-G0 phase were the opposite. Cells migration assays suggested that FD-PRF improved migration rate of hGFs. For antibacterial function tests of FD-PRF, it was found that clones of E. coli and S. aureus were both reduced in the FD-PRF group. Conclusion: By facilitating hGFs entering the division stage, FD-PRF promotes proliferation of hGFs. FD-PRF possesses significant chemotaxis toward hGFs. Besides, FD-PRF possesses intrinsic antibacterial property. FD-PRF may promote the healing of oral mucositis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fracture Characteristics of Subtle Vertical Root Fracture in Endodontical Treated Tooth: An In Vitro Observation and Micro-CT Study LIU Wenjing, GAO Antian, PAN Xiao, CAO Dantong, LIN Zitong 2024, 40(7): 617-621.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2024.07.009 Abstract ( 118 )   PDF (3315KB) ( 55 )   Objective: To collect endodontically treated teeth with subtle vertical root fracture (SVRF), to analyze the fracture characteristics through in vitro observation and micro-CT scanning, and to investigate their initiation and development. Methods: A total of 21 SVRF teeth extracted in our hospital from October 2021 to October 2023 were collected. The position of the teeth and the specific root where the fractures occurred were documented. The number of fractures (calculated separately for buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal sides) and the longitudinal distribution of fractures (divided into four categories based on involvement of the enamel-dentin junction and the apex) were recorded by direct observation or trans-illumination method. Micro-CT images were utilized to assess whether the fracture was involved the root canal, the direction of the crack in axial images (buccal-lingual, mesial-distal), and the widest fracture width of each tooth. The widest level on the root was categorized into upper, middle, and apical third level. Results: A total of 21 SVRF teeth involving 24 roots were analyzed in this study. Of them, 17 roots were complete fractures and 7 roots were incomplete fractures, resulting in a total of 41 fractures. SVRFs were more often found in roots of maxillary premolars and mesial roots of mandibular molars. All these roots exhibited buccal-palatal/lingual oval roots with two root canals. All fractures were in a buccal-lingual/palatal direction, affecting the middle region of the root and the root canal. There was no discernible pattern of fractures width either vertically or horizontally along the root. Conclusion: The SVRFs in endodontically treated tooth involve the middle region of the root, extending from the root canal to the root surface, and the crack width shows no obvious regularity. Therefore, we believe that the inner wall of the root canal in the middle region of root serves as the initial site for root fractures. The diverse and unpredictable fractures widths further highlight the intricate process of fractures development and expansion. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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LncRNA MALAT1 Inhibits Buccal Mucosal Fibroblasts Activities in Oral Submucous Fibrosis LI Yijie, SHAO Yiduo, CAI Yunzhou, WU Guangdong, SUN Tianao, WANG Yuehong 2024, 40(7): 622-628.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2024.07.010 Abstract ( 78 )   PDF (6278KB) ( 19 )   Objective: To clarify the effect of long non-coding RNA MALAT1 on the activation ability of buccal mucosal fibroblasts (BMFs) induced by arecoline, and to establish theoretical basis for a new therapeutic pathway to oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). Methods: BMFs were cultured in vitro, and were stimulated with different concentrations of arecoline to construct OSF-disease models at the cellular level. CCK-8 method was used to detect cell viability. BMFs activation was detected by Transwell method and collagen gel shrinkage method. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of α-smooth muscle actin antibody (α-SMA) and lncRNA MALAT1 in BMFs. siRNA-MALAT1 was transiently transfected into BMFs to assess changes in the migration and contraction capacity of BMFs stimulated by arecoline. Results: 10 μg/mL of arecoline was the optimal concentration for constructing OSF-disease models in vitro, when intracellular expression of α-SMA and lncRNA MALAT1 was elevated. Transwell experiments and collagen gel contraction experiments suggested that knockdown lncRNA MALAT inhibited arecoline-induced BMFs contraction and migration. Conclusion: lncRNA MALAT1 plays an important role in arecoline-induced BMFs activation, cell contraction, and migration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Features of Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis Resulting from STAT1 Mutation LIN Lin, ZHAO Xiaoxian, YAO Yilin, ZHANG Ying, HUANG Runyu, WU Lan 2024, 40(7): 629-633.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2024.07.011 Abstract ( 72 )   PDF (3409KB) ( 10 )   Objective: To investigate the oral manifestations, clinical characteristics, and pathogenesis of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) resulting from signal transducer activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) mutation. Methods: Three patients diagnosed with CMC at the Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, between 2018 and 2023 were selected. Their clinical data were meticulously analyzed and summarized in conjunction with a comprehensive literature review. Results: Among three patients, two were male and one was female. The age of onset ranged from 1 to 4 years. All three patients exhibited recurrent candida infection in oral mucosa, while two experienced recurring fungal infections in their skin and toenails. Additionally, one patient had recurrent keratitis and another suffered from respiratory tract infection. The presence of STAT1 gain-of-function mutations was confirmed through genetic testing. These mutations in STAT1 resulted in the developmental defects of helper T cell 17 and impaired the signaling pathway function, which was a significant contributing factor to CMC. Conclusion: Recurrent mucocutaneous candidiasis represents a significant clinical manifestation of CMC. Enhanced gene detection techniques contribute to the early diagnosis, thereby facilitating timely intervention. Furthermore, long-term follow-up is imperative in order to mitigate potential adverse outcomes. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression and Prognostic Significance of COL7A1 and LAMC2 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. LIU Jiaqi, LIANG Denghuan, ZHANG Jiajia, GUO Chaojie, LIU Yuci, XU Jiang, ZENG Yan, ZHENG Jun 2024, 40(7): 634-639.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2024.07.012 Abstract ( 79 )   PDF (3292KB) ( 32 )   Objective: To investigate the expression of type Ⅶ Collagen α-1 chain (COL7A1) and laminin γ-2 (LAMC2) in oral squamous cell carcinoma, and to clarify the correlation between the expression of COL7A1 and LAMC2 and clinical parameters and prognosis in OSCC patients. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of COL7A1 and LAMC2 in 108 cases of OSCC tissues and 55 cases of adjacent tissues, and to analyze the correlation between COL7A1 and LAMC2 and the clinicopathological features and prognosis of OSCC patients. The expression levels of COL7A1 and LAMC2 in OSCC cell lines were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and western blotting. Finally, the bioinformatics database was used for verification. Results: The expressions of COL7A1 and LAMC2 in OSCC tissues were significantly higher than those in adjacent tissues (P<0.001), and the expressions of COL7A1 and LAMC2 were positively correlated (r=0.655,P<0.001). The expression of COL7A1 was related to T stage, TNM stage, and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05), and that of LAMC2 was related to TNM stage and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Compared with normal oral keratinocytes, COL7A1 and LAMC2 were overexpressed in OSCC cell lines (P<0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the overall survival time of the high expression group of COL7A1 and LAMC2 was shorter than that of the low expression group (P<0.05). Multiple Cox regression analysis showed that COL7A1 and LAMC2 was an independent risk factor for OSCC patients (P<0.05). Conclusion: The increased expression of COL7A1 and LAMC2 in OSCC has certain reference value for the prognosis evaluation of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma, and is related to the TNM stage and metastasis of the tumor. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects and Mechanisms of miR-24 on Biological Functions of Salivary-gland Adenoid Cystic Cancer Cells through Regulation of AKT/β-catenin Signaling Pathway and EMT Process LI Lin, JI Xiaolin, JIANG Xiangrui 2024, 40(7): 640-647.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2024.07.013 Abstract ( 70 )   PDF (16656KB) ( 17 )   Objective: To explore the effect and mechanism of microRNA (miR)-24 on the biological function of salivarium adenoid cystic cancer (SACC) cells by regulating protein kinase B (AKT)/β-catenin signaling pathway and EMT process. Methods: Sixty patients with SACC admitted to our hospital from June 2021 to March 2024 were collected, and human SACC cell lines (SACC-83 and SACC-LM) were cultured. The histopathological types of SACC were detected by HE staining. The expression of miR-24 in SACC tissues and cells was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). miR-24 inhibitor was transfected into SACC cells by cell transfection, and the biological behavior of SACC cells was detected by CCK-8, clonal formation assay, wound healing assay, and transwell assay. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of EMT-related proteins and AKT/β-catenin signaling pathway. Results: HE staining results showed that the cancer tissue of SACC patients contained three main pathological types: solid type, cribriform type, and tubular type. Compared with paracancer tissues, miR-24 was highly expressed in SACC tissues, SACC-83 cells, and SACC-LM cells, and the expression level of miR-24 in SACC-LM was higher than that in SACC-83. miR-24 inhibitor significantly inhibited cell viability, colony formation, wound healing rate, migration, and invasion of SACC-83 and SACC-LM. After transfection of miR-24 inhibitor, E-cadherin levels were significantly increased in SACC-83 and SACC-LM cells, while Vimentin and N-cadherin levels were decreased. Conclusion: miR-24 regulates SACC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT process by regulating AKT/β-catenin signaling pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Surgical and Orthodontic Combined Treatment of Impacted Mandibular Second Molar with Odontogenic Fibroma: A Case Report ZHANG Ningbo, WANG Tianxiao, YAN Feng, XU Sen, FU Xinyu, REN Liling 2024, 40(7): 648-650.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2024.07.014 Abstract ( 94 )   PDF (5860KB) ( 54 )   Odontogenic fibroma (OF) is a rare benign mesenchymal odontogenic tumor, which is often associated with immature or displaced teeth. This paper reported a case of successful traction of molars by surgical and orthodontic combined treatment with the retention of the affected molars in OF, and discussed the treatment of OF with impacted molars based on previous literature. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Case of Maxillofacial Proliferating Trichilemmal Cyst XIE Shimin, OUYANG Kexiong, YAN Tinglin, ZHAO Wei, PIAO Zhengguo, ZHU Chuandong 2024, 40(7): 651-653.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2024.07.015 Abstract ( 82 )   PDF (3948KB) ( 33 )   Proliferating trichilemmal cyst is also known as proliferating trichilemmal tumor,which is a mass protruding from the surface of the skin caused by the abnormal proliferation of cells in the outer root sheath of the hair follicle due to mutations in the relevant genes in the body. More than 90% of the lesions occurred in the scalp. And it also occurred in the limbs,ears, and other parts. Occurred in the maxillofacial region is rare. A case of proliferating trichilemmal cyst in the maxillofacial region admitted to our department is reported. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Giant Pleomorphic Adenoma of Left Parotid Gland Malignant Transformation: A Case Report LI Ke, LI Zihui, KOU Jiahao, SUN Guowen 2024, 40(7): 654-656.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2024.07.016 Abstract ( 85 )   PDF (4653KB) ( 63 )   The most common salivary gland tumor is pleomorphic adenoma, but particularly giant pleomorphic adenoma with malignant transformation is relatively rare. This article reports the diagnosis and treatment process of a 77-year-old male patient with malignant transformation of giant pleomorphic adenoma of left parotid gland. Physical examination showed a mass with a size of 20.0 cm×18.0 cm×18.0 cm, and the tumor was completely removed after surgery. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Case Report of Combined Management for Patient with Localized Orofacial Granulomatosis TAN Yaqin, ZHOU Gang 2024, 40(7): 657-659.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2024.07.017 Abstract ( 69 )   PDF (2358KB) ( 31 )   Orofacial granulomatosis is an uncommon chronic idiopathic granulomatous disease whose manifestations are characterized by persistent swelling of the orofacial soft tissues. The etiology and pathogenesis of orofacial granulomatosis is unclear. Meanwhile, a consensual and standardized diagnosis and treatment of this disease is lacking. Here we report a case presented with labial and chin swelling which was confirmed to be orofacial granulomatosis, aiming to provide reference for clinical management of the disease. References | Related Articles | Metrics