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Oral Mucosal Diseases in the Era of Intelligence: Current Status and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Research YANG Qingmo, WEI Pan, HUA Hong 2025, 41(1): 1-6.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.01.001 Abstract ( 116 )   PDF (822KB) ( 124 )   With the development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, its integrated application in the medical field has received widespread attention. Medical artificial intelligence plays an increasingly important role in image recognition, disease diagnosis, risk prediction, and provision of health consulting services. The diagnosis and evaluation of oral mucosal diseases are highly dependent on morphological characteristics, and AI has broad application prospects in this field. This article reviews the application of AI in auxiliary diagnosis and risk prediction of oral mucosal diseases, and analyzes and prospects the current challenges and future development trends, in order to provide reference for future AI-related research on oral mucosal diseases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on Immune-replacement Drugs and Mechanisms of Action in Refractory Oral Lichen Planus YU Shuang, ZHOU Hongmei 2025, 41(1): 7-11.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.01.002 Abstract ( 106 )   PDF (1178KB) ( 92 )   Oral lichen planus(OLP)is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa, with its pathogenesis primarily involving T-cell-mediated antigen-specific immunity and non-specific immunity, and glucocorticoids are internationally recognized as first-line drugs. Refractory OLP,which is resistant or poorly responsive to glucocorticoids, is a major difficulty in clinical management. Given the significant role of local immune disorders in the development of refractory OLP, exploring effective and safe immune-replacement drugs has become a hot research topic in recent years. This review summarizes the clinical applications and mechanisms of action of commonly used immune-replacement agents based on the immunopathogenesis of oral lichen planus, which offers insights into potential target of immune-replacement agents, aiming to provide a reference for the clinical management and future research of refractory OLP. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Pathogenic Role of Myofibroblasts in Gingival Fibrotic Diseases HUO Yaru, LIU Min 2025, 41(1): 12-15.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.01.003 Abstract ( 64 )   PDF (781KB) ( 16 )   In many organs, such as oral, skin, heart, liver, kidney, etc., most of the final result of chronic diseases are tissue fibrosis or scar formation. Myofibroblasts are almost all organized cells of organ fibrosis. In gingival fibrosis, myofibroblasts promote the process of fibrosis. In the process of gingival fibrosis, myofibroblasts result in excessive synthesis, deposition, and reshaping of extracellular matrix protein, especially type Ⅰ collagen, which causes the normal gingival physiological shape and structure to change and influence the patients' chewing, beauty, and other functions. This article combines related researches progress at home and abroad in recent years, discusses the biological characteristics of myofibroblasts in gingival fibrosis represented by drug-induced gingival overgrowth and hereditary gingival fibromatosis, and the transfer division processes and ending of myofibroblasts, and understands the key signal channels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and regulating these processes. Myofibroblasts are attractive targets of anti-fibrosis treatment, so it is essential to discover and develop promising anti-fibrosis drug candidates. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Classification of Benign and Malignant Oral Lesions Using ViT-B Deep Learning Model CUI Yuchen, XIE Yuandong, WU Yumiao, NIU Lingxiao, CHANG Luguangda, ZHU Xianchun 2025, 41(1): 16-20.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.01.004 Abstract ( 55 )   PDF (2505KB) ( 16 )   Objective: To analyze the performance of ViT-B model in detecting oral benign and malignant lesions based on deep learning algorithms. Methods: A public dataset containing images of oral benign and malignant lesions was used, with preprocessing and data augmentation applied. The data was randomly divided into training, validation, and test sets in a 7∶2∶1 ratio. Five deep learning models, including ViT-B, VGG16, ResNet101, DenseNet121, and EfficientNetV2, were selected for training and evaluation. The generalization ability of the ViT-B model was evaluated using external data, and the model was analyzed based on the visualization of attention weights. Results: The ViT-B model demonstrated the best performance among five models, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.9715 and an accuracy of 91.00%. The model effectively distinguished between images of oral benign and malignant lesions, demonstrating strong generalization ability and clinical applicability. Conclusion: The ViT-B model performs well in the recognition of oral benign and malignant lesions, supporting the early detection and accurate diagnosis of oral cancer. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Oral Clinical Features Related to Vitamin B12 Deficiency. DENG Guanhong, CHEN Xuesheng, CHEN Ruibin 2025, 41(1): 21-25.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.01.005 Abstract ( 72 )   PDF (4006KB) ( 30 )   Objective: To analyze the oral clinical and hematological features related to vitamin B12 deficiency for early diagnosis and treatment. Methods: The main symptoms, clinical signs, past medical history, blood routine, and serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels of 16 patients with vitamin B12 deficiency from January 2021 to November 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The main complaints of vitamin B12 deficiency patients were oral irritation pain, burning sensation, and oral ulcer. Clinical examination mainly showed erythema of oral mucosa and multiple small oral ulcers. Patients with a history of gastrectomy were more likely to develop anemia, and vitamin B12 deficiency in patients without a history of gastrectomy predated changes in hematology. Conclusion: Patients with special populations should be alert to the possibility of vitamin B12 deficiency if they have multiple recurrent oral ulcers, atrophic glossitis, mucous congestion erythema, and other lesions. It is recommended to further check the serum vitamin B12 level for early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prediction of Potential Targets and Molecular Mechanisms of Compound Honeysuckle in Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Technology XIANG Jing, CHEN Qihang, QIANG Xiaoye, WANG Shuxin, ZHANG Dejun 2025, 41(1): 26-34.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.01.006 Abstract ( 62 )   PDF (5942KB) ( 19 )   Objective: To screen the potential active components and molecular mechanisms of Compound Honeysuckle by network pharmacology in preventing and treating periodontitis and to verify the inhibitory effect of compound honeysuckle on Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) through experimental validation. Methods: Active components and targets were screened using multiple databases combined with ADME and Lipinski's rules. A drug-active component-target network was constructed, and core targets were identified through the PPI network. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were used to explore the functions and pathways of the targets. Molecular docking was used to validate the binding activity between active components and target proteins. The inhibitory effect of compound honeysuckle on Pg was determined using the broth microdilution method. Results: A total of 38 active components of compound honeysuckle were identified, with key targets including AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT 1), epidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 (EGFR),and heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1 (HSP90AA1). KEGG analysis indicated that compound honeysuckle may exert its effects through the regulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt Pathway (PI3K-Akt), calcium signaling pathways, and cancer-related pathways. Molecular docking confirmed good binding affinity between key compounds and targets. In vitro experiments showed that the MIC and MBC of compound honeysuckle against Pg were both 5.469 mg/mL. Conclusion: Compound honeysuckle shows potential in preventing and treating periodontitis through the modulation of multiple targets and signaling pathways, providing a theoretical basis for further research and clinical applications. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Randomized Comparative Study on Photodynamic Therapy Assisting Regenerative Surgery in Treatment of Degree Ⅱ Root Furcation Involvement on Buccal Side of Maxillary Molars MIN Wenjun, WANG Yong, ZHAO Bing 2025, 41(1): 35-39.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.01.007 Abstract ( 47 )   PDF (3164KB) ( 18 )   Objective: To analyze the clinical efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) assisted regenerative surgery in the treatment of degree Ⅱ root furcation involvement on the buccal side of maxillary molars. Methods: Fifty-two teeth were randomly divided into simple surgical treatment group (control group) and PDT assisted surgical treatment group (experimental group), with 26 teeth in each group. Both groups were treated with Heal-All oral repair membrane and Bio-Oss bone particles. Changes of periodontal probing depth, horizontal probing depth, clinical attachment loss, bleeding index, and vertical and horizontal bone loss in the root furcation involvement area were compared between two groups before and 6 months after surgery. Results: Six months after operation, except for the bleeding index (P>0.05), the changes of other indexes in the experimental group were higher than thosein the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The application of PDT assisted regenerative surgery can improve the clinical treatment effect ofdegree Ⅱ furcation root involvement on the buccal side of maxillary molars. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Morphological Characteristics Researches of Anterior Alveolar Bone in Hyperdivergent Skeletal Class Ⅱ Malocclusion by Cone Beam CT: A Retrospective Study DENG Jianqing, YANG Liu, ZHANG Xiaolei 2025, 41(1): 40-44.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.01.008 Abstract ( 65 )   PDF (2502KB) ( 22 )   Objective: To explore the incidence rates of fenestration and dehiscence, and the bone remodeling characteristics of the anterior alveolar bone before and after orthodontic treatment of hyperdivergent skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: Forty-six cases with hyperdivergent skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion were selected [male: 18 cases, female: 28 cases, age: (16.9±2.2) years]. The alveolar bone of the incisors of both jaws were measured to calculate the incidence rates of fenestration and dehiscence, and the morphological characteristics of the alveolar bone before and after orthodontic treatment. Results: The comparison of fenestration incidence before and after treatment revealed a statistically significant reduction, with rates of 6.39% prior to treatment and 3.00% following treatment (P<0.05). Conversely, the incidence of dehiscence remained relatively stable, with pre-treatment and post-treatment rates of 22.55% and 23.91%, respectively, exhibiting no statistically significant difference (P>0.05).Notably, post-treatment evaluations indicated a statistically significant increase in the depth of lingual and palatal dehiscence defects, accompanied by a significant decrease in the thickness and area of alveolar bone (P<0.05). Conclusion: Orthodontic treatment in patients with hyperdivergent skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion has led to the restoration of labial bone defects in both the upper and lower incisors, resulting in a reduced incidence rate of fenestration and dehiscence. However, it is noteworthy that the lingual and palatal sides of the alveolar bone experience a reduction in bone thickness and area, along with an increase in dehiscence. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Effect of Micro-implant Compression of Maxillary Extended Molars by Cone-beam Computed Tomography and Three-dimensional Reconstruction Imaging Analysis LU Luyun, ZHANG Wei, CHEN Zhifang, YAN Weifeng 2025, 41(1): 45-49.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.01.009 Abstract ( 51 )   PDF (1729KB) ( 12 )   Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of micro-implant combined with segmental arch technique in intrusion of maxillary extended molars and the incidence of root resorption. Methods: Twenty-four patients with maxillary extended molars requiring intrusion were divided into groups A and B according to the first molar and second molar, with 12 patients in each group. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)was taken before treatment (T0) and after treatment (T1) to measure the pressure and root length change.CBCT combined with Mimics software(Materialise’s Interactive Medical Image Control System) was used to reconstruct the elongated molars before and after treatment.The reduction of tooth volume was calculated. Results: All the molars in group A and group B were effectively depressed, and the average depressions were (3.03±0.17) mm and (3.06±0.21) mm, respectively. The average root length reduction was (0.46±0.11) mm and (0.47±0.13) mm, respectively. The tooth volume loss was (57.60±3.79) mm3 and (57.10±3.85) mm3, respectively. The reduction of tooth surface area was (30.60±4.42) mm2 and (32.38±3.04) mm2, respectively. Teeth were significantly correlated with the amount of volume reduction and lower (P<0.05). Conclusion: Micro-implant combined with segmental arch intrusion is effective in the treatment of maxillary extended molars, but the intrusion is not absolute, which is partly caused by root resorption. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of Facial Soft Tissue Before and After Orthodontic Treatment in Adult Women Evaluated by Three-dimensional Scanning Technique CAO Yabo, FU Lu, HE Liu, CHEN Qin, CHEN Shuizhen 2025, 41(1): 50-54.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.01.010 Abstract ( 50 )   PDF (1588KB) ( 12 )   Objective: To evaluate the changes of facial soft tissue before and after orthodontic treatment in adult women by using 3D scanning technology. Methods: A total of 80 adult women who received orthodontic treatment between June 2021 and December 2023 were divided into extraction group and non-extraction group (40 cases each). Before treatment (T0) and after treatment (T1), the two groups underwent facial 3D optical scanning to obtain 3D data of facial soft tissue. The indicators of line distance, angle, and volume of facial soft tissue between two groups before and after treatment were compared. Results: The changes of anterior and lower height, mandibular height, chin height, and lip width line distance in extractive group were smaller than those in non-extractive group (P<0.05). The changes of nasolabial angle in tooth extraction group were greater than those in non-tooth extraction group (P<0.05), and those in chin and lip angle were smaller than those in non-tooth extraction group (P<0.05). The changes of lip and chin volume in extraction group were smaller than those in non-extraction group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The facial soft tissue of adult women will change in different degrees before and after orthodontic treatment. Three-dimensional scanning technology has good application value in evaluating soft tissue changes before and after orthodontic treatment, and can accurately measure and compare the differences in line distance, angle, and volume of facial soft tissue before and after orthodontic treatment, which is conducive to the development of personalized orthodontic programs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Anatomical Morphology of Maxillary Sinus Floor Based on CBCT Study LI Xuesheng 2025, 41(1): 55-59.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.01.011 Abstract ( 72 )   PDF (2902KB) ( 28 )   Objective: To observe the anatomical and morphological characteristics of maxillary sinus floor in the population by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: CBCT data of 300 patients who visited the Radiology Department of Hainan Stomatological Hospital were collected, and the patients' maxillary sinus floor was observed and measured by software. Results: The average thickness of the mucosa on the floor of the maxillary sinus was (1.26±1.06) mm, basically centered on <2 mm, which accounted for 87.00% (261/300). The incidence of septum of maxillary sinus floor was 33.67%, of which 52 were males and 49 were females, there was no difference between males and females (P>0.05). Shallow concave sinus floor accounted for 54.33% (163/300), deep concave was 39.33% (118/300), and convex was 6.33% (19/300). The average bone thickness of maxillary sinus lateral wall was (1.34±0.26) mm, mainly concentrated between 1.0-1.5 mm, accounting for 60.67% (182/300). The main location of arterial vessel of the lateral wall were sinus type and intraosseous type, accounting for 37.33% (112/300) and 52.00% (156/300), respectively. Conclusion: The anatomical morphology of the maxillary sinus floor is highly individualized and can be comprehensively and objectively reflected by CBCT. It should be carefully studied and analyzed before surgery so as to avoid possible risks and formulate detailed treatment plan. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Bonding Properties between Composite Resin and PMMA Artificial Resin Teeth YANG Yuqiong, YANG Xiaojing, MENG Xiangfeng 2025, 41(1): 60-63.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.01.012 Abstract ( 56 )   PDF (1489KB) ( 26 )   Objective: To explore whether the adhesive properties between composite resin and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)resin teeth can be used to reshape the surface of artificial teeth. Methods: A total of 320 PMMA-based resin teeth specimens were prepared, which underwent grinding and cleaning. Half of the specimens had their surfaces treated with 50μm Al2O3 particle sandblasting for 20 seconds. The specimens after grinding and sandblasting were bonded directly to a PMMA self-curing resin material, serving as the control group (Group A). The other specimens were bonded to composite resin materials using three different resin adhesives (Single Bond Universal, Clearfil SE ONE, and Palfique Universal Bond), forming three experimental groups (Groups B, C, and D). Each group of bonded specimens was divided into two subgroups (n=20), which underwent either 0 or 10,000 thermal cycles before measuring their shear bond strength. Statistical analysis was performed using multifactor analysis of variance and LSD-t tests. Results: Sandblasting significantly increased the initial bond strength in all groups; however, its effect diminished after thermal cycling. After thermal cycling, the bond strength of Group A [(12.12±2.95) MPa] was significantly higher than those of Groups B, C, and D. The sandblasted Group B [(8.48±2.34) MPa] and sandblasted Group D [(8.90±2.51) MPa] both exhibited significantly higher bond strength compared to the sandblasted Group C [(4.64±2.09) MPa]. Conclusion: Selecting the appropriate resin bonding system can help composite resin materials reshape the surface of sandblasted PMMA artificial resin teeth. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Central Apex of Bilateral Mandibular Malformations was Accompanied by Periapical Cysts and Developmental Odontogenic Cysts: A Case Report ZHANG Shilong, SU Heng, MAN Qiwen, YU Zili 2025, 41(1): 64-66.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.01.013 Abstract ( 70 )   PDF (4361KB) ( 37 )   Central cusp deformity is a type of non-carious dental hard tissue disease characterized by abnormal tooth morphology. Periapical cysts, resulting from central cusp deformity fractures, are commonly observed and can serve as indicators for the occurrence and progression of its lesions. Developmental odontogenic cysts are pathological cavities in the epithelial lining caused by abnormalities in tooth development and/or eruption. The tissue origin and pathogenesis of developmental odontogenic cysts remain poorly understood, with many theories still based on speculation. The present study presents a case of bilateral mandibular deformity with central apex, accompanied by radicular cysts on one side and developmental odontogenic cysts on the other side. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clear Aligner Treatment of A Patient with Multiple Posterior Scissors Bite and Anterior Open Bite WU Junqing, HU Danyan, TANG Wen, LI Hu 2025, 41(1): 67-71.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.01.014 Abstract ( 39 )   PDF (7003KB) ( 21 )   This paper describes a successful orthodontic treatment of a patient with multiple posterior scissors bite and anterior open bite by using clear aligners and miniscrews. The treatment scheme includes extraction of 4 second premolars and 4 third molars. After 28 months of treatment, it has achieved satisfactory treatment results. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Recurrent Solitary Fibrous Tumor in Temporal Region: A Case Report JIA Gangjie, CAO Zhang, Yang Yong, LI Jianwei, WANG Wenlong, LI Junfei, LIU Xuan, ZUO Jinhua 2025, 41(1): 72-74.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.01.015 Abstract ( 59 )   PDF (5513KB) ( 50 )   Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare tumor of mesenchymal origin, usually occurring in the pleura, but rarely in the temporal region. Here we report a case of recurrent solitary fibrous tumor in the temporal region and review the literature. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Case Report of Combined Periodontal, Orthodontic, and Restorative Treatment for A Patient with Severe Periodontitis, Followed Up for 5 Years--Based on Clinical Practice for Grade Ⅳ, Stage Ⅲ Severe Periodontitis CEN Ting, ZHANG Maoqi, ZENG Yu, GAO Ya, XIANG Junbo, CAO Zhengguo 2025, 41(1): 75-80.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.01.016 Abstract ( 56 )   PDF (3799KB) ( 43 )   This article explores the clinical outcomes of a multidisciplinary approach involving periodontics, orthodontics, and prosthodontics in the treatment of a patient with severe periodontitis over a five-year follow-up period, demonstrating the significant effectiveness of collaborative care in the management of severe periodontitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics