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28 August 2015, Volume 31 Issue 8 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Three "Rs"-the Past, Present, and Future of Stomatology ZHAO Yi-min 2015, 31(8): 751.  Abstract ( 155 )   PDF (780KB) ( 291 )   Oral diseases have always been existed throughout the evolution process of human being. The history and development of stomatology, which is an important part of human civilization, recorded the relentless efforts and endeavors of mankind to fight against oral diseases. This article used three words-Replacement, Reconstruction and Regeneration, which have milestone importance in the development of stomatolgy, to describe the history of stomatology. In short, the past of stomatology was centered by replacement, the present is characterized by reconstruction, and the future is symbolized by regeneration. The three "Rs", which represent the history and prospect of stomatology, will provide fundamental understanding for education, clinical care and research in stomatology. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Estrogen Deficiency on the Expression of TLR4 in Periapical Lesions of Rats GUAN Xiao-yue, QIAN Hua, Bian Zhuan 2015, 31(8): 755.  Abstract ( 142 )   PDF (1841KB) ( 201 )   Objective: To investigate the effects of estrogen deficiency on the expression of TLR4 in periapical lesions of rats. Methods: Thirty female rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: OVX group and SHAM group. The pulp cavities of mandibular first molars of rats were exposed. The rats were sacrificed at 0, 7, 14 and 21days after the exposure. Histologic examination for periapical bone loss area, enzyme histochemical examination for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and immunohistochemical examination for TLR4 were performed. Results: The alveolar bone loss area, osteoclasts number, and the expression of TLR4 in OVX group were higher than those of SHAM group. Conclusion: Estrogen deficiency increased the expression of TLR4 in the periapical lesions of rats. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Glucose Level on Osteogenic Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in 3D Culture System GAO Yu-wei, ZHANG Yu, XING Jian-yu, et al 2015, 31(8): 759.  Abstract ( 139 )   PDF (973KB) ( 221 )   Objective: To explore the possibility of gelatin sponge as a scaffold of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro cultivation and to investigate the effect of glucose level on osteogenic differentiation of mouse ESCs. Methods: Mouse ESCs were cultured in vitro, and the dispersed cells were implanted into absorbable gelatin sponge for osteogenic induction. Three groups were set in the study: high-glucose-level group, low-glucose-level group and spontaneous differentiation group. After 7 and 14 days of osteogenic differentiation, the matrix mineralization was detected by alizarin red S staining. Results: After 7 and 14 days of osteogenic induction, low-glucose-level group had a higher percentage of alizarin red S positive cells, compared with high-glucose-level group and spontaneous differentiation group(P<0.05). Conclusion: Gelatin sponge can be used as a scaffold for culturing mouse ESCs in vitro study. High glucose level inhibits osteogenetic differentiation of mouse ESCs in the 3D culture system. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary Evaluation of Biocompatibility of New PEEK Composite Materials LIU Li-jun, ZHU Ye, LIU Hong, et al 2015, 31(8): 763.  Abstract ( 162 )   PDF (1004KB) ( 273 )   Objective: To evaluate the biological safety of newly synthesized composite material PEEK. Methods: MTT assay, acute systemic toxicity test, hemolysis test, and mucosa irritation test were employed to detect the biological safety of PEEK composite materials in vitro and in vivo. Results: The results of cytotoxicity test showed that cells grew well in the extract fluids of PEEK composite and there was no significant difference between experimental group and control group. The results of acute systemic toxicity test showed that all rats in the experimental group were alive, with normal diet and good mental state during the observation period. After the rats were injected with the extract fluids, there were no pathological changes in their hearts, livers, kidneys and spleens organs when observed by naked eye and microscopes. The results of mucous membrane irritation test showed that PEEK composite had no irritation to oral mucosa membrane. The result of hemolysis test showed that the PEEK composite did not cause hemolytic reaction. Conclusion: PEEK composite has biological safety. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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EGFR Is Involved in Lysophosphatidic Acid Induced Integrin β6 Expression in Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells YIN Hao, DENG Xiao-ling, LI Guo-yang, et al 2015, 31(8): 767.  Abstract ( 181 )   PDF (998KB) ( 195 )   Objective: To investigate the role of EGFR in the process of integrin β6 (ITGB6) expression in oral squamous carcinoma (SAS) cells induced by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Methods: SAS cells were cultured in 6-well culture plate and stimulated with 10 μmol/L LPA. The cells were collected for RNA and protein extraction. The mRNA and protein level of ITGB6 were detected by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The EGFR-specific inhibitor AG1487 was applied to investigate the role of EGFR activation in LPA induced ITGB6 expression.Results: The mRNA level of ITGB6 in SAS cells was statistically upregulated after treated with LPA for 2h, while the protein expression of ITGB6 was obviously increased after incubation with LPA for 4h. The increased phosphorylation of the EGFR was induced by LPA stimulation in SAS cells. EGFR inhibitor AG1478 could block LPA induced ITGB6 mRNA and protein expression in SAS cells. Conclusion: LPA can induce the ITGB6 expression in the oral SAS cells, and EGFR transactivation may be involved in this process. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Enhanced Osteogenesis of Polymeric Electrospun Nanofibers Loaded with rhPTH (1-34) in Vitro YUAN Yue, LIU Tong-bin, MENG Shuai-chen, et al 2015, 31(8): 771.  Abstract ( 198 )   PDF (942KB) ( 207 )   Objective: To prepare the electrospun fibers which contained parathyroid related peptide (rhPTH (1-34)) and to study its slow release on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. Methods: Electrospinning fibers (PLLA/rhPTH (1-34)) containing slowing released rhPTH (1-34) were prepared. The appearance and the morphology of the fibers were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The release kinetics was measured by UV spectrophotometry in vitro. The proliferation activity of MC3T3-E1 cells influenced by PLLA/rhPTH (1-34) was determined through Thiazole blue method (MTT). The differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells was determined by alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Results: The sustained-release efficiency day of the spinning fibers in vitro was 21. PLLA/rhPTH(1-34) sustained-release fiber could obviously promote the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells (P<0.05). Conclution: PLLA/rhPTH (1-34) loaded fibers can effectively release drugs and promote the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism of Osteogenesis of BMSCs under Continuous Mechanical Tension Force LIU Xiao-ya, XIAO Wen-lin, YU Bao-jun 2015, 31(8): 775.  Abstract ( 147 )   PDF (1052KB) ( 272 )   Objective: To study the role of p38MAPK signal pathway in regulating osteogenic differentiation of C57BL/6J mouse BMSCs under the continuous mechanical tension force. Methods: The BMSCs of primary culture were divided randomly into control group and tension inhibitor group. The tension inhibitor group was pretreated for 1 hour with SB203580 which was one of p38MAPK pathway specific inhibitor, and then loaded with mechanical stimulation by Flexercell. The tension force (0.5Hz, 0.8%) was inflicted to both groups at 0, 30 and 60 min, respectively. p38MAPK and P-p38MAPK protein were detected by Western blot, and the expression of osteogenic genes ALP, COLI, OCN were detected by real time-PCR. Results: C57BL/6J mouse BMSCs grew well with typical shuttle shape and capacities of multi-differentiation. Real time-PCR and Western blot results showed that the expression of ALP, COLI, OCN mRNA and P-p38MAPK protein in the control group was significant different among different loading time points. The mRNA and P-p38MAPK protein expression in control group was markedly higher than those in the tension inhibitor group at different time points (P<0.05). Conclusion: The continuous tension force (0.5Hz, 0.8%) can promote osteogenesis of BMSCs through p38MAPK signal pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of IL-24 on Osteoclasts through Jak-Stat Signaling Pathway MENG Qing-yang, SUN Hong-chen, SHI Ce, et al 2015, 31(8): 779.  Abstract ( 176 )   PDF (965KB) ( 399 )   Objective: To study the effect of IL-24 on the differentiation and function of osteoclasts through Jak-Stat signaling pathway. Methods: The enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) carried by adenovirus was used to determine the optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI). ELISA was used to detect the content of IL-24 in the medium. Real-time PCR was used to detect the related genes of Jak-Stat signaling pathway such as Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Stat1, Stat2 and Stat3 and the expression of osteoclastic factor in RANKL-induced RAW264.7 such as NFATc1, CTSK and MMP9. Results: MOI=600 was the best condition. Content of IL-24 in the medium of transfected group was higher than that of vector group. Under the induction of RANKL, compared with vector group, the transfected group expressed higher level of Jak2 and Stat3 (P＜0.05). The addition of Stattic decreased the expression of NFATc1, CTSK and MMP9 for RAW264.7 cells transfected with IL-24 gene (P＜0.05). Conclusion: IL-24 could promote the differentiation and function of osteoclasts through Jak-Stat signaling pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Different Investing Methods on the Marginal Seating of Pd-Ag Castings WANG Bing, LIU Ning-ning, HE Hui-yu 2015, 31(8): 783.  Abstract ( 126 )   PDF (765KB) ( 202 )   Objective: To observe effects of investments methods with and without ring on marginal seating of the Pd-Ag castings. Methods: Forty unify standard models of Pd-Ag castings were made. Wax patterns were prepared on the models and were divided into two groups (n=20 in each group). Two different investing methods with the same investing material were performed. The marginal seating of the castings was measured by metallurgical microscope. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software. Results: The marginal seating of the Pd-Ag castings without ring investment had significant difference compared with that with ring investment (P<0.05). Conclusion: The marginal seating of the Pd-Ag castings without ring investment is more accurate than that with ring investment. Investment without ring can improve the marginal seating of the castings. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Differentiation of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Human Periodontal Ligament Cell by Co-culture in Vitro LI Yun-peng, ZHAO Xin, WANG Yi-bo, et al 2015, 31(8): 786.  Abstract ( 174 )   PDF (1336KB) ( 258 )   Objective: To investigate the ability of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) differentiation into human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLs) by co-culture in vitro. Methods: The hUCMSCs and hPDLs were obtained by primary culture. hUCMSCs and hPDLs were indirectly cocultured in transwell plates. The stemness markers such as CD146, sex determining region Y-Box 2 (SOX2), stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA), and Stro-1 changes were detected by flow cytometry after coculture for 0, 1 and 3 weeks, respectively. The Vimentin expression was determined by immunofluorescence stain and Western blot. Results: During the co-culture process, the expression of stemness markers in hUCMSCs decreased gradually, while the Vimentin expression was on the contrary. Conclusion: The hUCMSCs had the potential to differentiate into hPDLs under co-culture condition, which suggested that it could be used for periodontal repair in the future. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Heavy Ion Beams and X-ray on CXCR4 Expression of Human Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tca8113 Cell Line LI Xin, LI Chun-qing, LIU Lan, et al 2015, 31(8): 789.  Abstract ( 217 )   PDF (935KB) ( 193 )   Objective: To study the effects of heavy ion beams and X-ray on the expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 in Tca8113 cell line, and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods: The mRNA express level of CXCR4 was detected by real-time PCR after Tca8113 cells were treated. Results: Compared with the control group, the expression of CXCR4 in the X-ray group got to the lowest level at 8 h, and reached the peak value at 12 h (P<0.05) after radiation. In addition, the changes in the 1 Gy and 4 Gy groups were more obvious (P<0.05), but not significant in the 2Gy group. The expression of CXCR4 was significantly down-regulated at 12 h after heavy ion beams treatment. Meanwhile, the expression of CXCR4 in the 1 Gy and 4 Gy groups returned to the control level at 24 h after radiation. Compared with X-ray group, CXCR4 expression was obviously lower in the heavy ion beams group (P<0.01). Conclusion: Heavy ion beams may be a better choice to inhibit the invasion of Tca8113 cell line in vitro. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Measurement and Analysis of Interradicular Site between Canine and First Premolar for Orthodontic Mini-screws Placement by Cone Beam CT WANG Fang, LI Bo, WEI Li-li, et al 2015, 31(8): 793.  Abstract ( 153 )   PDF (958KB) ( 222 )   Objective: To evaluate and compare buccal thickness of cortical bone and root proximity for optimal mini-implants placement at interradicular sites between canine and the first premolar. Methods: Twenty-nine Cone Beam CT images were randomly selected from Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University. Thickness of cortical bone and root proximity between canine and first premolar at the apical level of 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 mm from the alveolar crest was measured for further statistical analysis. Results: The thickness of buccal cortical bone at both maxillary and mandibular interradicular sites between canine and the first premolar was greater than 1mm. This thickness in the maxilla increased as the level went up from 3mm to 7mm, differed from that in the mandible, which was the least at the level of 4mm and increased from the level of 5mm to 7mm. The root proximity in both maxilla and mandible was greater than 2mm and increased as the level went up from 3mm to 7mm. Both the thickness of cortical bone and root proximity showed no significant difference at all levels between maxilla and mandible. Conclusion: The interradicular sites between canine and first premolar from the apical level equal to or greater than 3mm from the alveolar crest are the ideal sites for mini-implants placement. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of Leptin Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Different Periodontal Status LIU Chong-wu, WU Chun-fang, LUO Kai, et al 2015, 31(8): 798.  Abstract ( 150 )   PDF (768KB) ( 233 )   Objective: To evaluate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) leptin levels and their relationship with periodontal health and disease. Methods: Forty-two individuals were divided into three groups: healthy subjects, patients with chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. For each subject, plaque index (PLI), pocket depth (PD), bleeding index (BI), and attachment level (AL) values were recorded before and after treatment. GCF samples (by Whatman 1 filter paper) and serum samples (by venipuncture) were respectively collected to determine the leptin levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Results: The lowest GCF leptin level was observed in subjects with chronic periodontitis, and statistically significant compared with healthy subjects (P<0.05). In contrast, the highest serum leptin concentration was obtained for subjects with chronic periodontitis. The PLI, PD, BI, and AL all showed significant correlations with leptin levels in GCF and serum (P<0.05). Conclusion: Leptin levels in GCF may be used as an objective indicator to evaluate periodontal status. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Marginal Microleakage of SiO2/Poss Based Composite Resin GAO Hua-dong, XIE Wei-li, ZHANG Han-fang, et al 2015, 31(8): 801.  Abstract ( 158 )   PDF (855KB) ( 360 )   Objective: To evaluate the marginal microleakage of SiO2/Poss and the other three kinds of composites. Methods: 32 healthy maxillary premolars were collected and were divided into four groups, and Class V cavity was prepared on each tooth. The cavities were restored by SiO2/Poss, Z350, Z250 and Beautiful Ⅱ composite resin. Then the teeth were cut into half through the middle of the restoration after thermal cycling and dying. The depths of the fuchsin solution penetration on the gingival and occlusal wall of the cavity were observed under the stereomicroscope and then measured. Results: The teeth restored by SiO2/Poss composite showed the least marginal microleakage, while the others showed no difference. Conclusion: SiO2/Poss composite could be a potential material for clinic use. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Study on the Characteristics of Tongue Resting Position between Subjects with Deep-overbite and Normal Occlusion LIN Yan, CHEN Wan-lu, ZHANG Duan-qiang 2015, 31(8): 804.  Abstract ( 195 )   PDF (965KB) ( 249 )   Objective: To study the sagittal size and characteristics of tongue under tongue resting position in the subjects with deep-overbite and normal occlusion. Methods: By tongue-dorsum barium sulfate filming method, the subjects were taken lateral cephalometric films in order to record the position, length and height of the body of tongue. And then the difference between two groups was compared. Results: In the deep-overbite group, the front and middle parts of tongue were in the relatively low position and the front parts were retruded. And their length and height were relatively smaller than those of normal occlusion group. The difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: Different characteristics between deep-overbite group and normal occlusion group may correlate with the occlusion. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Study of GlideScope Video and Normal Laryngoscope to Manage Complex Airway for Children with Cleft Palate YIN Fang, PENG Wei, LIU Ke-bing, et al 2015, 31(8): 811.  Abstract ( 152 )   PDF (763KB) ( 180 )   Objective: To compare GlideScope video-laryngscopy and normal laryngoscope to manage complex airway for children with cleft palate. Methods: 60 children undergoing palatoplasty were inclueded in this study. Inclusive criteria was: either sex; age 8-36 months; weight 5-15kg; ASA grade Ⅰ or Ⅱ; Mallampati grade Ⅲ and above. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: normal laryngoscope (group A) and GlideScope (group B). After induction of anesthesia, orotracheal intubation was performed assisted by normal laryngoscope in group A, and by GlideScope in group B. Data collected included Glottis exposure time, intubation time, whether intubation succeeded and cricoid pressing was needed, Cormark-Lehane grade and intubation-ralated injure. Results: The rates of satisfactory glottis exposure and successful endotracheal intubation were significantly higher, the case number of cricoid pressing in group B was less than that in group A (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of intubation-related injure and the intubation time between two groups. Conclusion: GlideScope videolaryngoscopy was superior to normal laryngoscope for managing difficult airway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and Countermeasure of the Complications after Titanium-plate Used Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeries ZHANG Cai-xia, XU Yan, Bai Xi-jing, et al 2015, 31(8): 814.  Abstract ( 224 )   PDF (833KB) ( 492 )   Objective: To analyze and summarize the complications after titanium-plate used oral and maxillofacial surgeries, and put forward corresponding prevention and treatment strategies. Methods: This retrospective study included 28 cases with bared titanium plate, loosed or lost screws, or fractured titanium plate. Meanwhile, the type of surgery, situation during the surgery, and time of complications were analyzed. Results: The bared titanium plate, and loosed or lost screws were mainly caused by the excessive tension of local soft tissue, defective debridement, unhealthy bone segments fixed by titanium plate and irregular operation. In addition, bending titanium plate repeatedly, or the crack drill close to titanium plate edge during the surgery could easily lead to the post-operative fracture of titanium plate. Conclusion: The position and operation process of titanium-plate should follow the basic principles of rigid internal fixation. In titanium plate placed area, soft tissue should not be excessively stretched or damaged. Additionally, it is suggested to reduce the number of bending the titanium plate during the surgery and cautiously use the rigid internal fixation technology in seriously polluted or secondary infected bone wound. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Study of Palatal Roll Connective Tissue Flap in the Esthetic Zone Implantation QIU Jie-zi, ZHANG Jia, GAO Huan, et al 2015, 31(8): 817.  Abstract ( 201 )   PDF (804KB) ( 480 )   Objective: To explore the application and the clinical outcome of palatal roll connective tissue flap technique in the esthetic zone implantation. Methods: Twenty-six patients,presenting a labial flat or concave profile in esthetic zone before second-stage surgery, underwent soft tissue augmentation using the palatal roll connective tissue flap technique. "H" incisions were operated on top of the alveolar ridges, with the two full-thickness papilla-sparing vertical incisions and a split-thickness horizontal incision. Labial mucoperiosteal pedicle flap tipped with a palatal connective tissue flap was formed. Then the palatal split-thichness flap was rolled on the buccal aspect. Papilla around the implant was shaped with healing abutment. Final crown was loaded after 2-4 weeks and the labial soft-tissue change was measured after 6 months. Results: All the implants were stable, and the improvement of labial soft tissue fullness was 1.10±0.45mm with symmetrical gingival margin and satisfied outline. The distance of papillae top to crown interproximal contact point was 2.05 ± 0.76mm. Conclusion: The palatal roll connective tissue flap has the potential to augment the labial soft-tissue before second-stage surgery in the esthetic zone implantation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expressions of MiRNA-31 and STAT-3 in Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Their Clinical Significance CAI Jie-ming, SHU Chuan-ji, YANG Wei-min, et al 2015, 31(8): 820.  Abstract ( 152 )   PDF (1024KB) ( 248 )   Objective: To investigate the expression levels of miRNA-31 and STAT-3 in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) and their clinical significances. Methods: 137 tissue samples of TSCC were collected. The expression of miRNA-31 was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and the expression of STAT-3 was detected by immunohistochemistry. Meanwhile, the expression levels of miRNA-31 and STAT-3 in TSCC patients at different differentiation were evaluated. Correlations between miRNA-31 and STAT-3 expressions with survival time were also analyzed. Results: The percentages of miRNA-31 positive cells in poorly differentiated, moderately differentiated and highly differentiated were 80.6±14.3, 58.5±15.7 and 23.7±9.4, respectively. For STAT-3, the percentages of positive cells were 85.9±12.7, 51.7±16.3 and 17.6±9.1, respectively. The expression levels of miRNA-31 and STAT-3 at various degrees of cell differentiation were significantly different (P<0.05). MiRNA-31 was positively correlated with the expression of STAT-3 in TSCC (r=0.614, P<0.05). The median survival periods were 37 and 38 months in TSCC patients with high expression levels of miRNA-31 and STAT-3, while 65 and 66 months in low expression group (P<0.001). Conclusion: In TSCC, the expression levels of miRNA-31 and STAT-3 were positively correlated, which were also correlated with the degree of cell differentiation and prognosis of patient. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Study of Two Retromandibular Approaches for Reduction of Condylar Neck Fracture XIN Jiang-bo, ZHAO Jing-hua, LI Dong-zhen, et al 2015, 31(8): 824.  Abstract ( 135 )   PDF (889KB) ( 214 )   Objective: To compare two retromandibular approaches for reduction of mandibular condyle neck fracture. Methods: 64 adult patients were included in this study and were randomly divided into group A and group B. Group A included 32 patients who were treated with retromandibular transparotid approach. Group B included 32 patients who were treated with retromandibular antero-parotid approach. Results: All 64 cases achieved satisfactory anatomic reduction and occlusal relationship. No ankylosis of temporomandibular joint was found in all patients. In group A, two patients had facial nerve injury after surgery, while in group B four parients got facial nerve injury and two got salivary fistula. Conclusion: Retromandibular approach was effective in condyle neck fracture reduction. Compared with transparotid approach, antero-parotid approach reduced the surgical complications. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between Chronic Periodontitis and Levels of IL-6 as well as IL-17 in Serum and Saliva from Kazak in Mulei, Xinjiang, China SONG Qian, LIU Hua, ZHONG Liang-jun, et al 2015, 31(8): 827.  Abstract ( 159 )   PDF (814KB) ( 246 )   Objective: To investigate interleukin 17 (IL-17) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels in serum and saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis from Kazak, and their correlation with the clinical periodontal index. Methods: A total of 292 subjects from Kazak were included in this study (192 patients with chronic periodontitis and 100 clinically healthy subjects). Five milliliter non-stimulated saliva and serum samples were collected. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit was employed to determine the levels of IL-17 and IL-6. Results: Concentrations of IL-6 and IL-17 in saliva were significantly higher than those in serum from the same patient with chronic periodontitis. There was a moderately positive correlation between concentrations of IL-6 and IL-17 in saliva. Additionally, both their levels showed a positive correlation with the severity of chronic periodontitis. Conclusion: The saliva levels of IL-6 and IL-17 showed significantly increased expression in Kazak patients with chronic periodontitis and were associated with the severity of disease. This suggests that saliva IL-6 and IL-17 levels may be used as indicators of chronic periodontitis in patients from Kazak. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Alveolar Ridge Preservation on Delayed Implantation for Patients with Different Alveolar Crest Bone Defects CAO Zhi, WANG Ya-ling, LIU ZHI-yun 2015, 31(8): 830.  Abstract ( 270 )   PDF (782KB) ( 238 )   Objective: To investigate effects of alveolar ridge preservation on delayed implantation for patients with different alveolar crest bone defects. Methods: According to the extent of alveolar bone defect before single mandibular posterior tooth extraction, ninety-four patients were divided into two groups: mild group (n=53), 3-5mm alveolar bone defect; moderate and severe group (n=41), >5mm alveolar bone defect. After tooth extraction, each group was further randomly divided into two subgroups: patients with (the trial group) or without (the control group) alveolar ridge preservation. Results: After 6 months, compared to the control groups, the width and height reduction of the alveolar ridge bone in each subgroup was less in the trial groups (P<0.05). Compared with situation before tooth extraction surgery, the gingival recession levels (GRLs) increased in each group, while pocket depth (PD) and attachment loss (AL) decreased. The ratios of 4.1mm and 4.8mm implants in diameter in mild group were respectively accounted for 26.4% and 73.6%, while the ratios were 46.3% and 53.7% in the moderate and severe group. The difference between two groups was statistically significant (χ2=4.029, P=0.045). The difference of distributions of implant length between the mild group and moderate and severe group was also statistically significant (χ2=21.207, P=0.000). Conclusion: The alveolar ridge preservation technique could effectively reduce the alveolar ridge bone loss in the graft area after tooth extraction, which was conducive to delay implantation operation, especially for patients with alveolar ridge bone defect >5mm before tooth extraction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) for Dental Tissue Regeneration MA Shan-shan, ZHOU Yan-min, ZHAO Jing-hui, et al 2015, 31(8): 838.  Abstract ( 258 )   PDF (780KB) ( 314 )   Stem cells can renew themselves by dividing themselves and differentiate into a variety types of cells, so they have important potential applications in regenerative medicine. With the rapid development of tissue engineering, the stem cell-based tooth regenerative will be an important means for replacing the missing and damaged teeth. However, immune rejection and ethical tissues impede the clinical application of these cells. The realization that adult somatic cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent cells has brought the revolutionary change in dental regeneration. In this review, we will provide a brief introduction to the development of induced pluripotent stem cells and their application in regenerative medicine and dental tissue regeneration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Pharmacological Effects and Research Progress on Extract of Ginkgo Biloba inOral Medicine WANG Si-wei, GUAN Xiao-yan, LIU Jian-guo, et al 2015, 31(8): 841.  Abstract ( 209 )   PDF (829KB) ( 379 )   Ginkgo biloba is one of the oldest rare species of flora in China. In recent years, extract of Ginkgo biloba was widely applied in many areas like medicine, food industries and cosmetics because of its medical and economic value. In this article, we make a review about the pharmacological effects of extract of Ginkgo biloba and its applications in oral medicine. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of MicroRNA on the Osteogenic and Chondrogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells JIANG Shao-yun, XUE Dong, DENG Jia-yin 2015, 31(8): 845.  Abstract ( 189 )   PDF (783KB) ( 443 )   MicroRNA (miRNA) is endogenous, non-coding RNA with important biological function, and regulates cell proliferation and differentiation in the post-transcriptional processes, which affects the development of body and diseases.More and more recent researches have shown that miRNA regulated osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, which is reviewed in this article. References | Related Articles | Metrics