多维度视角下牙弓形态影响因素的研究进展

doi:10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 牙弓作为口腔正畸学的核心研究对象,其形态特征直接影响牙齿排列、咬合功能及颜面美学。本综述围绕牙弓形态展开系统研究,深入剖析其发育与稳定的调控机制——遗传因素(基因、家族聚集性、种族差异)奠定先天基础,环境因素(胚胎期母体健康与营养、儿童期污染暴露)、口腔不良习惯、咬合关系异常及口腔疾病则通过多途径产生后天影响。同时,综述牙弓测量技术从传统二维向三维数字化的演进历程,阐明牙弓形态与错牙合畸形的特征性关联,及其对咀嚼效率、发音功能与面部美观的直接作用,并提出针对性临床诊疗与预防策略,为口腔医学研究及精准正畸实践提供理论依据。

关键词: 牙弓形态, 影响因素, 测量技术, 错牙合畸形

Abstract: As the core research object of orthodontics, the morphological characteristics of dental arch directly regulate tooth arrangement, occlusal function, and facial aesthetics. This review focuses on the systematic study of dental arch morphology, and deeply analyzes the regulatory mechanism of its development and stability. Genetic factors (genes, family aggregation, and racial differences) lay a congenital foundation. Environmental factors (maternal health and nutrition during embryonic development, exposure to pollution during childhood), bad oral habits, abnormal bite relationships, and oral diseases acquire effects through multiple pathways. At the same time, this review summarizes the evolution of dental arch measurement technology from traditional two-dimensional to three-dimensional digitization, elucidates the characteristic correlation between dental arch morphology and malocclusion, and its direct effects on chewing efficiency, pronunciation function, and facial aesthetics. Targeted clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies are proposed to provide theoretical support for oral medicine research and precision orthodontic practice.

Key words: dental arch form, influencing factors, measurement technology, malocclusion deformity

殷婷, 阮晓慧. 多维度视角下牙弓形态影响因素的研究进展[J]. 口腔医学研究, 2026, 42(5): 373-377.

YIN Ting, RUAN Xiaohui. Research Progress on Influencing Factors of Dental Arch Morphology from Multi-dimensional Perspective[J]. Journal of Oral Science Research, 2026, 42(5): 373-377.

参考文献

[1] Hughes T, Mahmood Z, Giri J, et al. Fluctuating genetic influences at three different stages of development of dental arches: A complex system [J]. Genes, 2025, 16(2):189-189.
[2] Abdullah HA, Ahmad HMA. Dental arch form in a sample of Iraqi adults with sickle cell anemia using 3D scanning technique: A cross-sectional study [J]. J Orthod Sci, 2023, 12:79.
[3] 张婧,周思颖,冯玉霞,等.成人轻中度牙弓狭窄患者上颌慢速牙槽扩展效果的CBCT研究[J].中国美容医学,2025,34(3):56-60.
[4] Sah G,郑嵘,张嘉熙,等.高加索人种和蒙古人种成年人上颌牙弓大小和形状的比较[C]//中华口腔医学会口腔正畸专业委员会. 第十三次全国口腔正畸学术会议(2014年会)论文集.2014:344.
[5] Lin HT, Meade JM, Hughes T. Dental arch shape in twins: A morphometric study of genetic influences [J]. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2024, 166(6):583-594.
[6] Lin TH, Hughes T, Meade MJ. The genetic and environmental contributions to variation in the permanent dental arch form: a twin study [J]. Eur J Orthod, 2023, 45(6):868-874.
[7] Liu C, Chen J, Cui M, et al. Dental arch development of chinese adolescents: A retrospective cross-sectional study [J]. Int Dent J, 2025, 75(3):1482-1492.
[8] Kantaputra PN, Apivatthakakul A, Kaewgahya M, et al. Heimler syndrome with tooth agenesis, abnormal enamel and dentin mineralization, root maldevelopment, and pex1 mutation [J]. Int Dent J, 2025, 75(4):100821.
[9] Kubo R, Tajiri R, Yamada H, et al. Bisphosphonates with high bone-resorption-capacity promote osteonecrosis of the jaw development after tooth extraction in mice [J]. J Bone Miner Metab, 2025, 43(4):370-383.
[10] 冯晋楠,米雁翎,魏丹妮,等.上颌横向发育不足的影响因素及治疗研究进展[J].中国实用口腔科杂志,2024,17(3):377-381.
[11] 李远远,刘月华.儿童口呼吸的多学科诊疗原则[J].口腔医学,2024,44(8):565-569.
[12] Jin X, Xu Y, Liu W, et al. Dental manifestations and treatment of hypophosphatemic rickets:A case report and review of literature [J]. BDJ Open, 2023, 9(1):2.
[13] 赵志河.口腔不良习惯的早期矫治[J].中华口腔医学杂志,2022, 57(8): 815-820.
[14] Larsson E. Artificial sucking habits: etiology, prevalence and effect on occlusion [J]. Int J Orofacial Myology, 1994, 20:10-21.
[15] Yemitan TA, daCosta OO, Sanu OO, et al. Effects of digit sucking on dental arch dimensions in the primary dentition [J]. Afr J Med Med Sci, 2010, 39(1):55-61.
[16] 林小燕,付勇.口呼吸对儿童牙颌面生长发育影响的研究进展[J].临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志,2025,39(7):686-690.
[17] 黎金鹏,江银华.儿童腺样体肥大与错牙合畸形相关性的研究进展[J].口腔医学,2025,45(4):311-316.
[18] 刘明奎.儿童口腔不良习惯导致错牙合畸形的临床分析和预防措施探讨[J].全科口腔医学电子杂志,2018,5(23):106-107.
[19] Miller S, Shaffer J, Marazita M, et al. Genome wide association study of dental arch form and occlusal relationships in the mixed dentition stage [J]. FASEB J, 2015,(29).
[20] Morikawa T, Sakamoto T, Ishii T, et al. Orthodontic treatment and 5-year follow-up in skeletal open bite case with congenital muscular dystrophy [J]. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll, 2025, 66(2):93-104.
[21] 吴建琳,曹惠菊,吴在平,等.上海地区正常成人牙颌面结构研究——Ⅰ颅面结构后前位X线头影测量分析[J].上海口腔医学, 2000, 9(1): 23-26.
[22] 张智轶.伴恒牙先天缺失的成人骨性Ⅲ类患者掩饰治疗[D].大连医科大学, 2018.
[23] Nadda P, Pathania D, Mahajan V. To evaluate the relationship between maxillary and mandibular base lengths with dental crowding in different skeletal malocclusions [J]. J Indian Orthod Soc, 2024, 58(3): 303-313.
[24] Zhang X, Li Y, Ge Z, et al. The dimension and morphology of alveolar bone at maxillary anterior teeth in periodontitis: a retrospective analysis-using CBCT [J]. Int J Oral Sci, 2020, 12(1):4.
[25] Hallscullin E, Whitehead H, Milsom K. Longitudinal study of caries development from childhood to adolescence [J]. J Dent Res, 2017, 96(7):762-767.
[26] 杜芹,杨一凡,贾淑娴,等.第一恒磨牙异位萌出的临床诊断与治疗[J].口腔疾病防治,2023,31(2): 77-85.
[27] 徐舒豪,黄诗言,饶南荃,等.成都地区混合牙列期及恒牙列初期儿童错牙合畸形患病率的调查研究[J].中国实用口腔科杂志,2022,15(1): 87-92.
[28] 王闪,杜少华,方圆圆,等.自锁托槽矫治器非拔牙矫治牙列拥挤对牙周状况及牙弓形态指标的影响[J].实用中西医结合临床,2024,24(24): 94-97.
[29] Karakus R, Tassoker M, Basdemirci M. Assessment of cortical and trabecular bone structure in the mandible of patients with Beh?et’s disease [J]. BMC Oral Health, 2025, 25(1): 323-323.
[30] Shaheen SS, Kulkarni S, Doshi D, et al. Oral health status and treatment need among institutionalized elderly in India [J]. Indian J Dent Res, 2015, 26(5): 493-499.
[31] 张明灿,张馨匀,李洪发.牙弓横向宽度不足的测量分析进展[J].中国美容医学,2020,29(7):183-186.
[32] 刘婷婷.CT三维重建下蒙汉族牙弓与基骨形态的对比研究[D].内蒙古医科大学,2020.
[33] 鞠昊,朱红华,段涛,等.CBCT的基本原理及在口腔各科的应用进展[J].医学影像学杂志,2015,25(5):907-909.
[34] 王艺,李小兵.数字化牙弓诊疗技术的研究进展及应用前景[J].北京口腔医学,2023,31(4):298-301.
[35] 李小兵,罗嘉庆.儿童牙弓数字化诊断系统及其在口腔正畸早期矫治中的应用[J].中国实用口腔科杂志,2025,18(2):147-152.
[36] 张琳,黄晓菁,杨璞.错牙合畸形病因及临床矫治研究进展[J].长春中医药大学学报,2024,40(7):823-826.
[37] 陈雪凌,石文娴,韩春雷,等.东乡族正常牙合青少年牙颌模型测量研究[J].生命科学仪器, 2025,23(4):101-103+107.
[38] 李煌.早期矫治的现状思考[J].华西口腔医学杂志,2025,43(2):151-157.
[39] 史晓扬,刘东旭.上颌横向发育不足的研究进展[J].口腔医学,2022,42(6):557-561.
[40] 黄仲敏,张赟,李小兵.替牙列早期上颌慢速扩弓对上颌中段牙及牙槽嵴的影响[J].上海口腔医学,2023,32(5):501-507.
[41] 何小芳,赵钦文,黄敏.快速扩弓对上颌牙弓狭窄患儿的影响[J].中外医学研究,2023,21(29):45-48.
[42] 姜龙龙.隐形矫治技术对成人患者上颌扩弓实现率的研究[D].大连医科大学,2021.
[43] Nazir AM, Alaqili AF, Alnajjar SL, et al. Aesthetic and orthodontic treatment desires and their psychosocial impact in dental students: A questionnaire study [J]. Patient Prefer Adherence, 2025, 19:1487-1495.
[44] 刘冉冉,田军.错牙合畸形对发音的影响[J].世界最新医学信息文摘,2017,17(52):106-107.
[45] 王坤.儿童错牙合畸形早期矫治的效果观察[J].中国医药指南,2019,17(7):97-98.