Abstract: As the core research object of orthodontics, the morphological characteristics of dental arch directly regulate tooth arrangement, occlusal function, and facial aesthetics. This review focuses on the systematic study of dental arch morphology, and deeply analyzes the regulatory mechanism of its development and stability. Genetic factors (genes, family aggregation, and racial differences) lay a congenital foundation. Environmental factors (maternal health and nutrition during embryonic development, exposure to pollution during childhood), bad oral habits, abnormal bite relationships, and oral diseases acquire effects through multiple pathways. At the same time, this review summarizes the evolution of dental arch measurement technology from traditional two-dimensional to three-dimensional digitization, elucidates the characteristic correlation between dental arch morphology and malocclusion, and its direct effects on chewing efficiency, pronunciation function, and facial aesthetics. Targeted clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies are proposed to provide theoretical support for oral medicine research and precision orthodontic practice.

Key words: dental arch form, influencing factors, measurement technology, malocclusion deformity