Evaluation of Physical and Antibacterial Properties of Glass Ionomer Cement Modified by EGCG-loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles

doi:10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.05.004

Abstract

Abstract: Objective: To explore the optimal integration concentration of epigallocatechin gallate-chitosan nanoparticles (EGCG-NPs) incorporated into glass ionomer cement (GIC) for enhancing its physical and antibacterial properties. Methods: EGCG-NPs were prepared via the ionic crosslinking. The nanoparticles were characterized by morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), and release behavior. Specimens were prepared by adding EGCG-NPs at different mass fractions (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 wt.%) and screened based on indicators including compressive strength, aging resistance, water absorption and solubility, fluoride ion release, and antibacterial activity. Cytotoxicity evaluation was also performed. Results: Within 28 days, the compressive strength of GIC first increased and then decreased with the increase of EGCG-NPs content, reaching a peak at 1 wt.%. The water absorption and solubility of the material were increasingly affected by the addition of EGCG-NPs. The antibacterial activity and fluoride ion release level of GIC were positively correlated with the concentration of EGCG-NPs. All groups of materials showed no cytotoxicity. Conclusion: The addition of 1 wt.% EGCG-NPs can maximize the compressive strength and antibacterial ability of GIC, significantly reduce its solubility (P<0.05), without affecting water absorption, and exhibit a trend of enhancing fluoride ion release.

Key words: epigallocatechin gallate, nanoparticles, chitosan, glass ionomer cement

CHEN Hailin, ZHANG Xueqiong, CAI Jiajing, HU Chen, WU Qian. Evaluation of Physical and Antibacterial Properties of Glass Ionomer Cement Modified by EGCG-loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles[J]. Journal of Oral Science Research, 2026, 42(5): 378-385.

References

[1] Nicholson JW. Adhesion of glass-ionomer cements to teeth: A review [J]. Int J Adhes Adhes, 2016, 69: 33-38.
[2] 寿宇珂,任彪,程磊.释氟充填材料在龋病防治中的研究进展[J].口腔疾病防治,2023,31(4): 301-304.
[3] 闫文军.不同口腔修复材料生物相容性及3种材料充填恒磨牙邻面龋临床验证[J].中国伤残医学,2014,(22):104-105.
[4] Hamdy TM. Effect of E-glass fibers addition on compressive strength, flexural strength, hardness, and solubility of glass ionomer based cement [J]. BMC Oral Health, 2024, 24(1):739.
[5] Hafshejani TM, Zamanian A, Venugopal JR, et al. Antibacterial glass-ionomer cement restorative materials: A critical review on the current status of extended release formulations [J]. J Control Release, 2017, 262: 317-328.
[6] 叶慧翎,王瑞.表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯抗龋机制的研究进展[J].口腔医学研究,2025,41(4): 276-281.
[7] 王涛,薛可,张国铖,等.基于抗毒力策略的表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯抗菌作用研究进展[J].中国畜牧兽医,2025,52(7): 3429-3439.
[8] 高国兵.不同浓度EGCG对玻璃离子水门汀抗菌能力及机械强度的影响[D].郑州大学,2018.
[9] Hu J, Du X, Huang C, et al. Antibacterial and physical properties of EGCG-containing glass ionomer cements [J]. J Dent, 2013, 41(10): 927-934.
[10] Lakey-Beitia J, Burillo AM, La Penna G, et al. Polyphenols as potential metal chelation compounds against Alzheimer’s disease [J]. J Alzheimers Dis, 2021, 82(s1): S335-S357.
[11] 邱素萍,陈云,罗能平,等.壳聚糖及其衍生物-磷脂自组装纳米粒在药物递药系统中的研究进展[J].科技视界,2024,14(17): 7-11.
[12] Lestari W, Yusry WNAW, Haris MS, et al. A glimpse on the function of chitosan as a dental hemostatic agent [J]. Jpn Dent Sci Rev, 2020, 56(1): 147-154.
[13] Mahmood A, Maher N, Amin F, et al. Chitosan-based materials for dental implantology: A comprehensive review [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2024, 268: 131823.
[14] Senthil Kumar R, Ravikumar N, Kavitha S, et al. Nanochitosan modified glass ionomer cement with enhanced mechanical properties and fluoride release [J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2017, 104: 1860-1865.
[15] Petri DFS, Donegá J, Benassi AM, et al. Preliminary study on chitosan modified glass ionomer restoratives [J]. Dent Mater, 2007, 23(8): 1004-1010.
[16] El-Saadony MT, Saad AM, Sitohy M, et al. Chitosan nanoparticles: Green synthesis, biological activities, and sustainable frontiers in targeted drug delivery and cancer nanomedicine-A comprehensive review [J/OL]. Mater Today Bio, 2025, 35: 102358.
[17] Parhi R. Drug delivery applications of chitin and chitosan: A review [J]. Environ Chem Lett, 2020, 18(3): 577-594.
[18] Altιnι?ιk H, Erten Can H, Mutlu Ağardan NB, et al. Prevention of secondary caries using fluoride-loaded chitosan nanoparticle-modified glass-ionomer cement [J]. Clin Oral Investig, 2024, 28(9): 504.
[19] 孙静,张小飞,唐志书,等.表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及其药剂学性质研究[J].中草药,2016,47(5): 741-747.
[20] Calvo AF, Kicuti A, Tedesco TK, et al. Evaluation of the relationship between the cost and properties of glass ionomer cements indicated for atraumatic restorative treatment [J]. Braz Oral Res, 2016, 30:S1806-83242016000100201.
[21] Troca VBPB, Fernandes KBP, Terrile AE, et al. Effect of green propolis addition to physical mechanical properties of glass ionomer cements [J]. J Appl Oral Sci, 2011, 19(2):100-105.
[22] Nicholson JW, Coleman NJ, Sidhu SK. Kinetics of ion release from a conventional glass-ionomer cement [J]. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2021, 32(4): 30.
[23] Huang G, Liu Y, Chen L. Chitosan and its derivatives as vehicles for drug delivery [J]. Drug Deliv, 2017, 24(2): 108-113.
[24] Nishanthine C, Miglani R, R I, et al. Evaluation of fluoride release in chitosan-modified glass ionomer cements [J]. Int Dent J, 2022, 72(6): 785-791.
[25] 杜习金.茶多酚对牙色修复材料的改性研究[D].武汉大学, 2018.
[26] 徐一驰,赵楚翘,刘志辉. 海藻酸钠/壳聚糖微载体的研究进展[J].中国生物制品学杂志, 2018, 31(3): 332-336.
[27] Sajjeev A, Shivkumar AT, Kalgeri SH. Evaluation of chitosan modified glass ionomer cement for microleakage under spectrophotometer-An in-vitro study [J]. J Evol Med Dent Sci, 2021, 10(33): 2769-2772.