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28 September 2026, Volume 42 Issue 9 Previous Issue   

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Role and Mechanisms of Oral Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Microbiota-host Interactions GONG Haochen, ZHOU Jieyu 2026, 42(9): 733-739.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.09.001 Abstract ( 57 )   PDF (1525KB) ( 76 )   Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are pivotal in oral disease pathogenesis. Research demonstrates their critical role in microbiota-host interactions, directly driving the development of periodontitis, dental caries, and oral cancer. These insights refine pathogenic models and inform novel targeted interventions. This review systematically summarizes BEV-mediated interaction mechanisms, analyzes their molecular roles in specific oral diseases, and explores translational applications in prevention and targeted therapy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Amino Acid Metabolism in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma TAN Xiao, YANG Xihu 2026, 42(9): 740-745.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.09.002 Abstract ( 46 )   PDF (1380KB) ( 53 )   Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common malignant tumor worldwide, characterized by high invasiveness, easy metastasis, and poor prognosis. Tumor cell metabolic reprogramming is one of the key features in the occurrence and development of HNSCC. Among them, amino acid metabolic reprogramming, as an important source of nutrition and energy for tumor cells, plays a crucial role in promoting the rapid proliferation of HNSCC tumor cells and adapting to the tumor microenvironment. This review aims to systematically elaborate on the research progress of amino acid metabolic reprogramming in HNSCC, focusing on its potential value and application prospects in early diagnosis, targeted treatment, and prognosis assessment of the disease, with the aim of providing effective strategies to improve the survival quality and prolong the survival period of HNSCC patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Er:YAG Laser-assisted Root Canal Irrigation LIU Jiacheng, WANG Xiangzhu 2026, 42(9): 746-751.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.09.003 Abstract ( 41 )   PDF (765KB) ( 40 )   Root canal therapy is currently the most effective and commonly used method for the treatment of pulp and periapical diseases. To improve therapeutic efficacy, various auxiliary irrigation techniques have been increasingly applied. Erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser-activated irrigation (LAI) has become one of the research hotspots. This paper reviews Er:YAG laser-assisted root canal irrigation, with a focus on photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) and shock wave enhanced emission photoacoustic streaming (SWEEPS) techniques, as well as their latest research progress. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Intelligent Screening of Periodontal Diseases Based on YOLOv11 ZHANG Ting, JIN Nenghao, LI Liangbo, ZHU Liang, LI Zhuangzhuang, ZHANG Haizhong 2026, 42(9): 752-757.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.09.004 Abstract ( 26 )   PDF (2736KB) ( 18 )   Objective: To develop a deep learning-based AI model for early screening and detection of periodontal diseases using images from a portable oral endoscope. Methods: A dataset of 1206 periodontal disease images captured by the endoscope was constructed. After data curation, cleaning, and standardized annotation, the dataset was split into training, validation, and test sets in a 7∶1∶1 ratio. The YOLOv11 model was employed for training and evaluation, with performance assessed using precision, recall, F1-score, and mean average precision (mAP). Results: On the test set, the model achieved an mAP of 0.8044 at an IoU threshold of 0.5 and an F1-score of 0.7953. The average precision for detecting gingival recession, gingival redness and swelling, and dental calculus was 0.7861, 0.8511, and 0.7761, respectively. Conclusion: The developed deep learning model enables low-cost early screening of periodontal diseases and provides a valuable reference for the application of AI in early periodontal disease detection. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between Schneiderian Membrane Thickness and Odontogenic Factors in Patients with Periodontitis Based on CBCT Analysis LIU Ming, CHEN Xiaobo, LIN Taiwei 2026, 42(9): 758-763.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.09.005 Abstract ( 28 )   PDF (1630KB) ( 21 )   Objective: To evaluate maxillary sinus mucosal thickening and its related factors in periodontitis patients using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on CBCT images of 259 periodontitis patients. Data recorded included age, sex, maxillary molar position, periodontal bone loss (PBL), relationship between tooth roots and the sinus floor, and mucosal thickness (MT). MT ≥2 mm was defined as pathological thickening. Patients were further grouped by severe thickening (>10 mm). Chi-square tests and multivariate binary logistic regression were used to analyze associated factors. Results: The severity of MT was significantly associated with age, sex, root-sinus proximity, and PBL (P<0.05). Males had a higher risk of severe membrane thickening than females (OR=2.025, 95%CI: 1.038~3.951, P=0.038). Patients with PBL>50% had significantly higher risk than those with PBL ≤50% (OR=3.677, 95%CI: 1.543~8.763, P=0.003). Conclusion: Sex and periodontal bone loss are independent risk factors for severe maxillary sinus mucosal thickening. Severe periodontal damage may increase the risk of sinus mucosal pathology, underscoring the value of CBCT evaluation before surgery. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and Identification of Early Biomarkers for Orthodontic External Apical Root Resorption via Gingival Crevicular Fluid Proteomics HE Jiayue, CHEN Shiman, LIU Yuxin, LI Luoxin, SHEN Yufeng, ZHOU Zheng 2026, 42(9): 764-770.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.09.006 Abstract ( 29 )   PDF (2872KB) ( 22 )   Objective: To explore early diagnostic biomarkers for orthodontic external apical root resorption (EARR) and provide a molecular basis for early clinical warning. Methods: The study included 15 patients clinically and radiographically confirmed with orthodontic EARR, and their gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected. Data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics technology was employed for protein analysis. Key proteins were screened by combining LASSO regression machine learning algorithms. The identified key proteins were experimentally validated in clinical samples and in a mechanical stress model using osteocementum-like cells OCCM-30 via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. Results: A total of 759 proteins were identified, among which 51 were differentially expressed proteins. Based on the machine learning algorithms, S100 calcium binding protein A2 (S100A2), S100 calcium binding protein A9 (S100A9), and Calpain 2 (CAPN2) were identified as key hub proteins. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that all three proteins possessed good diagnostic discriminatory capability [area under the curve (AUC)>0.7]. ELISA and Western blot results further confirmed that the expression levels of S100A2, S100A9, and CAPN2 were significantly upregulated at the T1 stage and under in vitro compressive conditions (P<0.05). Conclusion: S100A2, S100A9, and CAPN2 are potential early diagnostic biomarkers for EARR. Their expression is regulated by mechanical stress and they may be involved in processes such as inflammatory activation and cellular structure disruption. This study provides a molecular basis for the non-invasive monitoring and clinical prevention management of EARR. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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CBCT Study on Therapeutic Effects of Skeletal Expander in Patients with Maxillary Transverse Hypoplasia LIU Huayu, LI Yunfei, SONG Jing, CHEN Guoxin 2026, 42(9): 771-776.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.09.007 Abstract ( 33 )   PDF (2493KB) ( 26 )   Objective: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of maxillary skeletal expanders in the management of maxillary transverse deficiency (MTD). Methods: A total of 24 patients who received treatment at Wuhan University Stomatological Hospital between 2019 and 2024 were enrolled. All subjects underwent microimplant-assisted maxillary skeletal expansion (MIA-MSE), and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data were acquired pre- and post-treatment to analyze dental and skeletal parameters. Duplicate measurements were performed by the same clinician, with interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) used to verify measurement consistency. Statistical analyses were conducted using paired samples t-test and other appropriate methods. Results: The overall success rate of expansion was 100%. Significant increases in alveolar bone width combined with buccal inclination were observed in the premolar and molar regions (P<0.05). For both maxillary and mandibular relevant teeth, increased horizontal spacing and buccal inclination were noted, with more pronounced buccal inclination of alveolar bone and teeth in the maxillary first molars. Several indicators exhibited statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusion: Microimplant-assisted maxillary skeletal expansion achieves remarkable skeletal effects with a high success rate. It effectively expands the maxilla while exerting significant dental effects on both maxillary and mandibular dentition, with the maxillary first molar serving as a prominent anchor tooth. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Retrospective Study on Treatment of Anterior Deep Overbite Using Two Clear Aligner Systems SHE Rui, LIU Linyi, ZHENG Yayue, LIU Sen, MAO Jingwen, WEN Xiujie 2026, 42(9): 777-782.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.09.008 Abstract ( 59 )   PDF (1153KB) ( 21 )   Objective: To evaluate the achievement rates of Angelalign and Invisalign in treating anterior deep overbite and identify related influencing factors. Methods: Seventy-six patients with deep overbite treated with clear aligners were enrolled. Digital models were acquired via 3D scanning, and treatment outcomes were assessed using best-fit superimposition. Multivariate linear regression analyzed associated factors. Results: Invisalign and Angelalign achieved overbite reductions of 1.42 mm (39.32%) and 0.84 mm (25.40%) respectively, with realization rates negatively correlated to predicted overbite changes. The realization rates for maxillary central incisor intrusion were 12.14% (Invisalign) and 8.96% (Angelalign), respectively. Predicted intrusion magnitudes (Invisalign) and the use of temporary anchorage devices for intrusive traction (Angelalign) significantly influenced these rates. Conclusion: Both aligners effectively reduced overbite, with Invisalign showing higher realization rates for deep overbite correction and maxillary central incisor intrusion. For deep overbite correction, smaller predicted overbite changes were associated with higher realization rates. Regarding maxillary central incisor intrusion, increased use of temporary anchorage devices (Angelalign) and reduced predicted intrusion magnitudes (Invisalign) improved realization rates. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Oral Health-related Quality of Life in Children with Early Childhood Caries after Dental Rehabilitation under General Anesthesia HUANG Yajun, TAO Lili, XING Xianghui, DUAN Limei, ZHAO Baojian 2026, 42(9): 783-787.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.09.009 Abstract ( 29 )   PDF (745KB) ( 17 )   Objective: To evaluate the improvement in oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and its influencing factors in children with early childhood caries (ECC) after comprehensive dental treatment under general anesthesia. Methods: A total of 80 children aged 3-6 years with ECC underwent one-time dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia. The Chinese version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) was used to assess OHRQoL before and 30 days after treatment. Changes in ECOHIS scores and their associations with gender, age, family income, and treatment type were analyzed. Results: The total ECOHIS score decreased significantly from 15.24±3.93 to 3.05±1.44 (P<0.001), with an effect size (ES) of 1.23. Greater improvements were observed in girls, children under 4 years, those from low-income families, and those who underwent tooth extraction (P<0.05). Multiple regression analysis identified gender, age, family income, and tooth extraction as independent predictors of OHRQoL improvement (adjusted R2=0.412). Conclusion: Dental treatment under general anesthesia significantly improves OHRQoL in children with ECC, particularly in girls, younger children, those from low-income families, and those receiving tooth extraction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Retrospective Study on Assisted Treatment of Complex Mandibular Fractures with Digital Technology Combined with Guide Plates CHENG Lijun, WEI Zequan, JIANG Yuxin, PAN Xiangfeng 2026, 42(9): 788-793.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.09.010 Abstract ( 36 )   PDF (3051KB) ( 11 )   Objective: To explores the clinical application value of digital technology combined with 3D printed surgical guides in complex mandibular fractures. Methods: The data of 20 patients with complex mandibular fractures admitted to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2023 to June 2024 were collected. For all patients, three-dimensional visualization models were established using digital software before the operation. Virtual surgical reduction was performed using Mimics/3-matic software, and 3D surgical guides were designed and printed. During the operation, guide plates were used to assist in the precise reduction of mandibular fractures and the fixation of titanium plates. After the operation, digital software was used for color deviation analysis and clinical effect evaluation. Results: Postoperative color deviation analysis showed that the average deviation was (0.92±0.28) mm and the maximum deviation of the bone segment was (1.98±0.35) mm. The patient's mandibular fracture reduction and reconstruction position had a high consistency with the virtual surgical design. Clinical effect evaluation showed that the excellent and good rate reached 100% (excellent 90.0%, good 10.0%), and the patient's functions and facial morphology were satisfactorily restored without obvious complications. Conclusion: Digital technology and 3D guides can optimize the surgical path, improve the accuracy of fracture reduction, and reduce the chance of postoperative complications in the diagnosis and treatment of complex mandibular fractures. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Retrospective Clinical Analysis of 31 Cases of Odontogenic Cysts Associated with Mandibular Third Molars WANG Zixuan, REN Wen, YANG Zhengyao, LIU Jingjing, HU Yazhu, XIANG Guolin 2026, 42(9): 794-798.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.09.011 Abstract ( 36 )   PDF (1378KB) ( 14 )   Objective: To explore the clinical features and treatment strategies of odontogenic cysts associated with mandibular third molars. Methods: The data of 31 patients diagnozed as odontogenic cysts associated with mandibular third molars treated in the Wuhan No. 4 Hospital from January 2018 to December 2024 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: The mean age of the patients was 42.7 years. Sixteen patients (51.6%) presented with pain and swelling, while 2 (6.5%) exhibited lower lip paresthesia. The impacted teeth were predominantly in low (65.6%), inverted (40.6%), or horizontal (34.4%) positions. Destruction of the mandibular canal wall was observed in 50% of cases. Pathologically, dentigerous cysts were the most prevalent, accounting for 78.1% (25 cases), followed by inflammatory lateral root cysts (15.6%, 5 cases) and hyperplastic odontotheca (6.3%, 2 cases). Therapeutic method included cyst scaling and decompression. No recurrence was observed during follow-up period of 6 months to 5 years. Conclusion: Low, inverted, and horizontal impacted mandibular third molars are high-risk factors for cyst formation, supporting the rationale for preventive extraction in adolescence. Among these lesions, dentigerous cysts are the most commonly observed pathological type. Although these cysts frequently compromise the mandibular canal, the associated inferior alveolar nerve injury is typically reversible compression. Surgical management, primarily scaling, yields a favorable prognosis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Association of Inflammatory Burden Index with Severe Complications in Oral and Maxillofacial Space Infections ZHANG Lei, LIU Rui, WANG Xuefeng, HUO Feng, CHEN Xibo 2026, 42(9): 799-805.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.09.012 Abstract ( 27 )   PDF (1013KB) ( 17 )   Objective: To investigate the association between the inflammatory burden index (IBI) and severe complications in patients with oral and maxillofacial space infection (OMSI). Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 264 patients with OMSI admitted to the Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, from January 2020 to August 2025. Participants were stratified into severe (n=64) and non-severe complication groups (n=200). Clinical and laboratory data were collected. IBI was calculated as CRP×ANC/ALC, with natural logarithmic transformation (LogIBI) applied to achieve normality. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on the tertiles of LogIBI. Logistic regression assessed the LogIBI-complication association, supplemented by restricted cubic spline (RCS) and sensitivity analyses. The diagnostic efficacy of LogIBI for severe complications was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: Compared with the non-severe complication group, the severe complication group demonstrated significantly elevated LogIBI values, higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, increased incidence of odontogenic infections and multi-space involvement, and reduced albumin levels (all P<0.001). Across ascending LogIBI tertiles, multi-space infections, odontogenic infections, and complications rates increased progressively while albumin decreased. Multivariable adjustment confirmed LogIBI as an independent predictor of severe complications (OR=2.72, 95%CI:1.45~5.11, P=0.002). RCS modelling revealed a non-linear association (nonlinear P=0.007). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of LogIBI for diagnosing severe complications was 0.767, with a sensitivity of 64%, a specificity of 86%, and an optimal diagnostic cutoff value of 3.27. Conclusion: Elevated LogIBI independently predicts severe OMSI complications and demonstrates clinical utility for early risk stratification, potentially informing targeted intervention strategies. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Observation of Multidisciplinary Treatment for Stage Ⅳ Grade C Periodontitis: A 12-year Follow-Up Case Report HUANG Yongling, ZHENG Zhiqiang, LIN Minkui 2026, 42(9): 806-809.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.09.013 Abstract ( 25 )   PDF (2649KB) ( 9 )   This case report describes the management of a patient diagnosed with stage IV grade C periodontitis. A multidisciplinary treatment approach was implemented, resulting in favorable outcomes that were maintained over a 12-year follow-up period. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Microsecretory Adenocarcinoma in Palate: A Case Report WANG Jiali, CHEN Hu, ZHANG Zubin, WANG Hongtao 2026, 42(9): 810-812.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.09.014 Abstract ( 27 )   PDF (1720KB) ( 12 )   This paper retrospectively analyzes the diagnosis and treatment of a patient admitted for a 5-month history of painless mass in the palate. Preoperative fine-needle aspiration raised suspicion of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Intraoperative frozen section pathology failed to definitively exclude either mucoepidermoid carcinoma or pleomorphic adenoma. Postoperative histopathological examination and expert consultations yielded divergent interpretations, initially considering pleomorphic adenoma or low-grade salivary gland carcinoma with adenoid cystic carcinoma as a differential. Ultimately, FISH detection of SS18 gene break-apart confirmed the diagnosis of microsecretory adenocarcinoma (MSA) of the salivary gland. A systematic understanding of its clinicopathological characteristics is therefore imperative for accurate diagnosis and differential diagnosis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Buccal Sebaceous Carcinoma with Submental Island Flap Repair: A Case Report PU Jiao, WU Feiwang, YAO Lin, YANG Yuqiong, ZENG Wei 2026, 42(9): 813-815.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.09.015 Abstract ( 26 )   PDF (1732KB) ( 13 )   Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare and aggressive skin malignancy, most commonly affecting the head and neck, especially the upper eyelid. Sebaceous carcinoma in the minor salivary glands is relatively rare. This paper presents a case of buccal sebaceous carcinoma with submental island flap repair, aiming to provide clinicians with a comprehensive and practical reference for diagnosis and treatment, and to help gain an in-depth understanding of the diagnostic methods and treatment of sebaceous carcinoma. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Miniscrew-assisted Maxillary Expansion for Treatment of Maxillary Transverse Deficiency: A Case Report JIAN Ming, LIN Wenyi, TANG Yujing, JIAO Yuanyuan, LIU Zhijian 2026, 42(9): 816-822.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2026.09.016 Abstract ( 32 )   PDF (11598KB) ( 26 )   This case report systematically describes the diagnosis and treatment of a late-adolescent patient with skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion and maxillary transverse deficiency who had previously experienced unsuccessful treatment at another institution. Following a comprehensive evaluation of the patient's dentofacial condition, a treatment strategy combining miniscrew-assisted maxillary expansion with a preadjusted edgewise appliance was adopted. After two weeks of miniscrew-assisted maxillary expansion, both the transverse and anteroposterior deficiencies of the midface were markedly improved. Subsequent treatment with a preadjusted edgewise appliance further corrected the dental discrepancies, ultimately achieving a treatment outcome characterized by satisfactory function, health, esthetics, and stability. References | Related Articles | Metrics