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28 May 2025, Volume 41 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Research Progress on Roles of Osteoclasts in Chronic Apical Periodontitis WEI Xiaoxuan, LI Bolei 2025, 41(5): 363-368.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.05.001 Abstract ( 355 )   PDF (1164KB) ( 461 )   Chronic apical periodontitis is frequently characterized by alveolar bone resorption, with osteoclast differentiation and proliferation playing pivotal roles in its development. Research indicates that various factors and enzymes associated with chronic apical periodontitis can either promote or inhibit osteoclast function which influenced the response of osteocytes in the affected areas. Moreover, scholarly attention is increasingly focusing on the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis. Strategies targeting relevant pathways, such as inhibiting NF-κB activation or activating the PI3K signaling pathway, are considered promising. Nevertheless, these therapeutic interventions require further clinical investigation, and their efficacy in clinical settings warrants evaluation. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of current advancements concerning the role of osteoclasts and potential treatment modalities for chronic apical periodontitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulatory Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of Irisin on Periodontal Tissue Repair and Regeneration YANG Yuxin, MA Qian 2025, 41(5): 369-372.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.05.002 Abstract ( 307 )   PDF (778KB) ( 117 )   Irisin is a polypeptide hormone with a promising role in reducing the inflammatory response of metabolic syndrome and treating bone metabolism-related diseases. We reviewed the anti-inflammatory capacity of irisin and its influence on bone metabolism. What’s more, the regulatory effects and molecular mechanisms of irisin on periodontal tissue repair and regeneration were investigated, in order to explore the potential role of irisin as a novel immunological agent for the treatment of periodontal inflammatory bone defects. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Functional Composite Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Engineering NIU Delong, LIU Zhonghao 2025, 41(5): 373-377.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.05.003 Abstract ( 293 )   PDF (812KB) ( 255 )   Autologous bone grafting, as the clinical "gold standard" for the treatment of major bone defects, still has limitations including limited donor sites and the extra trauma. Functional composite scaffolds in bone tissue engineering are characterized by high mechanical strength and biocompatibility, etc. Various substances, such as cell growth factors, drugs, and metal ions, endow the scaffolds with biological features of proliferation promoting, anti-inflammation, and osteogenesis. The resulting functional composite scaffolds provide a new alternative for the treatment of bone defects, which is expected to replace autologous bone. This study summarizes the latest research of various functional composite scaffolds in bone tissue engineering in recent years, providing reference and strategy for the follow-up design and application of functional composite scaffolds. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Porphyromonas Gingivalis on Migration and Invasion of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma through NDK/ATP/P2X7 Pathway WEI Wei, TAN Xiaorong, LI Muqiu, GONG Zhongcheng, LI Chenxi 2025, 41(5): 378-385.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.05.004 Abstract ( 316 )   PDF (14866KB) ( 528 )   Objective: To explore the effect of nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK) secreted by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g) on proliferation, migration, and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells by hydrolyzing extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and to clarify the relationship between NDK and ATP on the impact of oral cancer. Methods: Clinical data and OSCC tissue samples from 30 patients who visited the Department of Maxillofacial Oncology Surgery at the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2022 to December 2023 were collected. Immunohistochemical detection was used to determine the expression of P.g and P2X7 in oral squamous cell carcinoma tissues. By culturing human oral squamous cell carcinoma SCC 9 and SCC 25 cells in vitro with P.g (W83 type) or P.g knocking out NDK (P.g-△NDK), a cell/bacteria co-culture model was established (using cell immunofluorescence to observe the co-culture model). CCK-8, wound healing, Transwell, and LDH release were used to detect the effects of P.g and P.g-△NDK on proliferation, migration, invasion, and toxicity of human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. The expression of P2X7 protein among the groups was verified using western blot. Results: The expressions of P.g and P2X7 were significantly higher in the tumor tissues than in the adjacent normal tissues (P<0.0001). The proliferation, migration, and invasion of SCC9 and SCC25 cells infected with P.g were enhanced (P<0.01), and their cytotoxicity was also enhanced (P<0.0001). After infection with P.g-△NDK, the proliferation, migration, and invasion of SCC9 and SCC25 cells were further enhanced (P<0.01), however, their cytotoxicity was weakened (P<0.0001). In all groups, the addition of ATP resulted in an enhancement of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion (P<0.05) and a weakening of cytotoxicity (P<0.0001). Among them, the ATP content in the supernatant of the P.g group was significantly reduced (P<0.05), and the expression of P2X7 was positively correlated with the ATP content. Conclusion: NDK secreted by P.g has the ability to deplete extracellular ATP of SCC 9 and SCC 25. After knocking out NDK, the expression of P2X7 is up-regulated, thereby enhancing its proliferation, migration, and invasion ability and reducing cytotoxicity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Retrospective Study on 90 Cases of Mandibular Defects Repaired with Fibular Flap with Different Thicknesses of Reconstruction Titanium Plates SUN Yawei, WU Zhuhao, CHEN Xin, PU Yumei, SUN Guowen 2025, 41(5): 386-390.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.05.005 Abstract ( 308 )   PDF (782KB) ( 178 )   Objective: To investigate the effect of different thickness of reconstruction titanium plate on the clinical results of reconstruction of mandibular defects with fibular flap. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical information and follow-up records of patients with mandibular defects caused by malignant tumors admitted to the First Ward of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital from January 2018 to June 2024 and repaired with fibular musculocutaneous flaps at the same time. Results: A total of 90 patients with complete follow-up information were included. Postoperative complications occurred in 9 patients with a median time of 9 months. On univariate analysis, postoperative radiotherapy (P<0.002) was significantly associated with postoperative complications. Multivariate analysis showed that postoperative radiotherapy (P=0.015) was an independent risk factor for postoperative complications. A total of 19 patients received postoperative radiotherapy, including 12 patients in the sub-reconstruction titanium plate group (thickness 2.0 mm). The incidence of long-term complications was 8.3% (1/12). There were 7 patients in the reconstruction plate group (thickness≥2.5 mm), and the incidence of long-term complications was 71.4% (5/7). There was significant difference between the two groups (P=0.019). Conclusion: Postoperative radiotherapy can significantly increase the incidence of complications after mandibular defect reconstruction with fibular flap. Close follow-up is necessary for 6-18 months after surgery. The use of different thickness reconstruction titanium plates has no significant effect on the occurrence of postoperative complications in patients with mandibular defects repaired with fibular flap. However, for patients who are expected to undergo postoperative radiotherapy, the use of sub-reconstruction titanium plates should be tried to reduce the incidence of postoperative complications. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Occlusal Surface Hole with Different Diameters on Fracture Loads of Implant-supported Full Zirconium Crown LIAN Songfeng, TIAN Jumei, CAI Kuncan, CHEN Chi 2025, 41(5): 391-394.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.05.006 Abstract ( 249 )   PDF (1859KB) ( 153 )   Objective: To compare the fracture loads of two types of implant-supported full zirconium crowns (IFZC) with occlusal surface hole at different diameters. Methods: Eighty molar full zirconium crowns (FZCs) with 4 types of occlusal surface holes were fabricated with 2 types of zirconia by computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), and were divided into 8 groups: Xuncai zirconia without hole (X0) and with hole of 1 mm-diameter (X1), 2 mm-diameter (X2), and 3 mm-diameter (X3), Saici zirconia without hole (S0) and with hole of 1 mm-diameter (S1), 2 mm-diameter (S2), and 3 mm-diameter (S3). After cemented to identically milled titanium abutments, all specimens were subjected to a load-to-fracture test in a universal testing machine. The fracture loads (FL) of each group were analyzed by two-way ANOVA test. Results: There was no significant difference among groups with different types of occlusal surface hole. The FL of S groups (S0, S1, S2, S3) were significant higher than those of X groups (X0, X1, X2, X3) (P<0.001), and there was no counteraction between zirconia material and the holes with different diameter (P＞0.05). Conclusion: A 1 mm-, 2 mm-, or 3 mm-diameter-hole on the occlusal surface might not reduce the fracture resistance of IFZCs, which was not affected by the strength of zirconia material. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Different Bone Types on Stress Distribution of Mandibular Double Implants Overdenture by Three-dimensional Finite Element Analysis WEI Xing, ZHANG Zhihong 2025, 41(5): 395-399.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.05.007 Abstract ( 273 )   PDF (2455KB) ( 168 )   Objective: To analyze the effects of different bone types on the stress distribution of overdenture supported by mandibular double implants by three-dimensional finite element method. Methods: A mandibular edentulous adult patient was selected and the solid model of mandibular edentulous jaw was created by CBCT, and a three-dimensional finite element model including mandible, implant, Locator attachment, and overdenture was established. The vertical and oblique loading conditions of the model were given to obtain the von Mises stress of the implant system and its supporting bone tissue, and the law of stress distribution was analyzed. Results: (1) The maximum von Mises stress of cortical bone and implant increased with the decrease of cortical bone thickness and cancellous bone mineral density, that was Ⅳ>Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ. (2) The maximum von Mises stress of cancellous bone decreased with the weakening of bone, that was Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ. (3) The peak stress of the implant under all working conditions was concentrated in the contact area between the implant and the abutment and the cervical thread at the junction of the implant and cortical bone. (4) The maximum von Mises stress of the implant system and surrounding bone tissue increased significantly under oblique loading. Conclusion: During the restoration of mandibular double implants overdenture, bone type will affect the stress distribution of implant system and supporting bone. With the weakening of bone, the stress of cortical bone and implant increases, while the stress of cancellous bone decreases. Ⅳ bone may increase the risk of implant complications, which is not conducive to improve the long-term stability of the implant. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Effect of Locking Surface Patterns on Accuracy of Full-arch Scanning JI Jianhua, ZHA Xuzhe, WEI Luming, GUO Huiying, YUAN Changyong, WANG Penglai 2025, 41(5): 400-405.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.05.008 Abstract ( 273 )   PDF (3154KB) ( 167 )   Objective: To explore the effect of different locking surface patterns on the accuracy (including trueness and precision) of full-arch scanning. Methods: The design and 3D printing of the experimental models were accomplished using computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques. Then, different surface locking patterns (P1: no locking pattern; P2: locking 1/4 arch surface; P3: locking 1/2 arch surface, and P4: locking 3/4 arch surface) were used to sequentially collect intraoral optical scanning data (n=10) of the standard resin dental models. These data were compared with the data obtained by the dental laboratory scanner to analyze the differences in the accuracy of the impressions obtained. Results: In the evaluation of trueness and precision, the Δd2-Δd4 values measured using the P2 were significantly greater than those of the other groups (P<0.05). Additionally, both trueness and precision assessments of the Δd3 and Δd4 values measured in the scans of each locking surface pattern were higher for the mandible compared to the maxilla (P<0.05). Conclusion: Different surface locking patterns significantly influenced the accuracy of full-arch scanning, with relatively high scanning accuracy achieved when the locking surface was positioned on the occlusal surface of the posterior region. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Effect of Internal Surface Treatment on Bonding Properties and Aesthetic Properties of Super-translucent Zirconia ZHOU Yu, WANG Yaoyao, CHEN Zijie, LIU Lu, HAO Pengjie 2025, 41(5): 406-412.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.05.009 Abstract ( 250 )   PDF (2710KB) ( 782 )   Objective: To compare the effects of three internal surface treatments on the adhesive properties and aesthetic properties of super-translucent zirconia. Methods: Super-translucent zirconia was cut into different sizes as test standard specimens, and three surface treatments (airborne-particle abrasion, lithium disilicate coating, and glaze on) were selected, followed by fracture test and color measurement. The experimental data were analyzed by two-factor ANOVA and post hoc multiple comparisons (LSD test) for comparison of means between groups. Results: Bond strength was lithium disilicate coating group > glazed group > sandblasted group > control group, and color difference was sandblasted group > glazed group > lithium disilicate coating group. Conclusion: The bonding strength after lithium disilicate coating treatment was significantly greater than that of sandblasted group and glazed group, while the color difference was smaller than that of sandblasted group and glazed group, which was less than the clinically acceptable threshold. Without considering other conditions, it is recommended that lithium disilicate coating be preferred when choosing the appropriate internal surface treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Membrane Potential on Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Follicle Stem Cells and Its Electrophysiological Mechanisms GU Yujie, YANG Yidan, LIAO Siqi, WANG Heyi, ZHOU Rui, LAN Xiaorong, XU Xiaomei, ZUO Dongchuan, ZENG Jin 2025, 41(5): 413-419.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.05.010 Abstract ( 316 )   PDF (3659KB) ( 134 )   Objective: To explore the effect of membrane potential on osteogenic differentiation of human dental follicle stem cells (hDFCs) and its electrophysiological mechanisms. Methods: hDFCs were isolated and cultured from human dental follicle tissue by enzymatic digestion methods. To evaluate the effects of Kir2.1 channels on the osteogenic differentiation capacity and membrane potentials of hDFCs, osteogenic differentiation induction, Alizarin red staining, real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and whole cell patch clamp were conducted by using lentiviral particles carrying human Kir2.1 channels specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and Kir2.1 channels specific inhibitor (ML133). Ca2+ imaging was performed to identify the store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCs) mediated Ca2+ influx in hDFCs by using La3+ (a SOCs inhibitor) and Thapsigargin (an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor), and to evaluate the effect of membrane potential hyperpolarization caused by decreased extracellular potassium level (1 mmol/L) on intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Results: Alizarin red staining, RT-qPCR, and patch clamp results showed that blocking the function of Kir2.1 channels or inhibition of Kir2.1 channels expression could inhibit the osteogenic differentiation ability of hDFCs and reverse the membrane potential hyperpolarization associated with osteogenic differentiation. Ca2+ imaging results showed that: (1) SOCs channels mediated Ca2+ influx in hDFCs. (2) Promotion of membrane hyperpolarization increased the intracellular Ca2+ levels in hDFCs, which could be inhibited by blocking the function of Kir2.1 channels or inhibition of Kir2.1 channels expression; by removal of extracellular Ca2+; or by blocking the function of SOCs channels. Conclusion: Kir2.1-linked membrane hyperpolarization controls osteogenic differentiation of hDFCs by increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels and SOCs channels-mediated Ca2+ influx plays an important role in this process. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploring Molecular Mechanisms of Fluoride's Impact on Ameloblasts Based on Transcriptome Sequencing YAO Shuran, WENG Qingqing, ZHU Yiying, LIU Jia, ZHANG Ying 2025, 41(5): 420-425.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.05.011 Abstract ( 295 )   PDF (1181KB) ( 263 )   Objective: To investigate the impact of sodium fluoride (NaF) on gene expression in the mouse ameloblast cell line LS8, and to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) utilizing transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). Methods: The research was divided into two groups: the control group receiving no treatment and the experimental group exposed to 1.5 mmol/L NaF for 24 hours. Post-treatment, samples were collected for RNA-seq analysis. The DEGs were identified, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis was conducted. To validate the accuracy of the sequencing results, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was employed, while Western blotting confirmed the expression levels of relevant signaling pathway proteins. Results: After 24 hours of NaF exposure, RNA-seq detected 104 DEGs-34 up-regulated and 70 down-regulated. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated notable activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in LS8 cells. RT-qPCR showed decreased mRNA levels for PI3K, Akt, and MAPK (P<0.05), corroborating findings from RNA-seq analyses. Furthermore, Western blot results revealed lower relative expression levels of p-PI3K/PI3K, p-Akt/Akt, and p-p44/p42MAPK/p44/p42MAPK (P<0.05). Conclusion: Both PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways may play crucial roles in mediating the toxic effects of fluoride on ameloblasts. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Small Extracellular Vesicles of Platelet-rich Plasma Promoted Bone Tissue Repair GAO Yang, GAO Linbo, SHI Chun, WU Dalei 2025, 41(5): 426-431.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.05.012 Abstract ( 297 )   PDF (5047KB) ( 203 )   Objective: To investigate the impact of platelet-rich plasma derived small extracellular vesicles (PRP-sEV) on the expression of bone markers in osteoblasts, as well as to observe the bone repair effect of PRP-sEV in a mouse calvarial defect model. Methods: The small extracellular vesicles were extracted from mouse platelet-rich plasma. These PRP-sEV were then analyzed for size, structure, and marker proteins using nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and western blot. PKH67 was used to assess the uptake of these vesicles by MC3T3-E1 cells and used western blot to examine the expression of osteogenic marker proteins. A mouse cranial defect model was established and evaluated the bone repair effects of PRP-sEV through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Masson staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and osteopontin (OPN) in PRP-sEV in the cranial defect model. Results: The size of PRP-sEV was around 144 nm. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that these vesicles had a typical lipid bilayer structure. Western blot results indicated that the positive marker proteins CD63, CD81, and ALG-2-interacting protein X (ALIX) were present in the vesicles, while the surface marker protein CD40 was absent. PKH67 testing demonstrated that MC3T3-E1 cells effectively incepted the PRP-sEV. Western blot results showed that these vesicles enhanced the expression of bone formation markers BMP-2 and OPN (P<0.05). HE staining and Masson staining results indicated that the PRP-sEV promoted bone defect repair. Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that the expression of BMP-2 and OPN in the cranial bone defect model treated with the vesicles was higher than that of control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The extracellular vesicles in platelet-rich plasma could promote bone tissue repair. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Necrotizing Sialometplasia-related Diseases with Palate Ulcer: A Case Report PENG Qiao, CHU Zhijuan, XIE Xiang, WANG Xiang, DUAN Ning, WANG Wenmei, CHEN Sheng 2025, 41(5): 432-435.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.05.013 Abstract ( 262 )   PDF (6584KB) ( 209 )   Necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) is a begin lesion of salivary gland characterized as a self-limited and rare condition. NS can be mis-diagnosed as invasive malignant tumors due to their similar clinical and histological manifestations. In this study, we reported a case of the diagnosis and treatment of NS on the palate and reviewed relevant literatures, in order to provide reference and experience for clinicians. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Skeletal Class Ⅲ Treated with Clear Aligner Combined with MSE: A Case Report QI Na, LI Hongtao, WANG Xiaoli, LIANG Jingwen, YE Qian, AN Xiaoli 2025, 41(5): 436-439.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.05.014 Abstract ( 289 )   PDF (3206KB) ( 269 )   This article reports a case of skeletal class Ⅲ patient with a full dental crossbite. The treatment was successfully completed by maxillary skeletal expander (MSE) and mandibular molars distalization with clear aligners. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Microscope Combined with CBCT in Root Canal Treatment of Fused Mandibular First Premolar with Four Root Canals: A Case Report XING Yunbo, CHEN Jie, YE Mao 2025, 41(5): 440-442.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.05.015 Abstract ( 302 )   PDF (2534KB) ( 95 )   Fused teeth usually occur in the mandibular anterior tooth region, which share the same root canal system or have individual pulp canal systems. Fused teeth in mandibular first premolars are rare. The root canal system of mandibular first premolar has great variation, usually single canal, and four canals are exceedingly rare. This paper reports a rare case of a fused mandibular first premolar with four root canals. Cone-beam computed tomography was used to examine the affected tooth, and microscopic examination was employed to accurately locate the root canal orifices. Nickel-titanium instruments were used for mechanical preparation and ultrasonic irrigation, followed by tight filling of the root canals using thermoplastic gutta-percha. 3-12 months' follow-up after surgery showed excellent treatment outcomes for the affected tooth. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Combined Application of Free Gingival Graft and Periodontally Treatment Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics: A Case Report HUANG Siyu, LI Sihong, BAI Xueying, WANG Shuining, YANG Dong 2025, 41(5): 443-448.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.05.016 Abstract ( 261 )   PDF (10236KB) ( 51 )   This study reports a complex case of stage Ⅱ grade C periodontitis complicated by Miller Class Ⅲ gingival recession and labial bone dehiscence in the anterior regions of both jaws. Through periodontal initial therapy and pre-orthodontic periodontal phenotype modification therapy (free gingival graft, FGG and periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics, PAOO), significant improvement in periodontal supporting tissue conditions was achieved. Orthodontic treatment progressed successfully with concurrent implementation of implant prosthodontics. References | Related Articles | Metrics