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Research Progress of Graphene Oxide in Dentin Bonding LIN Qi, ZHU Song 2025, 41(6): 453-456.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.06.001 Abstract ( 168 )   PDF (788KB) ( 138 )   Graphene oxide is an oxygen-containing derivative of graphene, which is amphiphilic and suitable for chemical modification. In recent years, in order to develop efficient and durable adhesive and improve dentin bonding durability, many studies have used graphene oxide modified adhesive to improve mechanical strength, chemical and thermal stability, and antibacterial properties. This paper will review the structure and properties of graphene oxide and its mechanism of improving dentin bonding. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Oral Local Drug Delivery System in Treatment of Periodontitis:A Literature Review DU Lan, CHEN Liang 2025, 41(6): 457-462.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.06.002 Abstract ( 273 )   PDF (831KB) ( 563 )   As a commonly and frequently occurred chronic infectious disease, periodontitis has become the main cause of teeth loss in adults. Nowadays, the clinical treatment of periodontitis is mainly based on non-surgical mechanical treatment: scaling and root planting (SRP). But the particular oral anatomy has increased the difficulty of mechanical treatment, which makes drug application an important adjunctive treatment. In recent years, local drug delivery system (LDDS) has gradually become the mainstream for its convenient use, sustain-release, control-release, targeted effect, and low side effects. Especially for various oral diseases, oral LDDS has become a hotspot in the treatment. This paper reviews these emerged oral LDDS: fibers, strips, films, gel, microspheres, nanoparticles, and gene engineering materials. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Effect of Incisal Canal on Root Resorption during Retraction of Maxillary Central Incisors CHEN Wenwan, WU Mengjie 2025, 41(6): 463-468.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.06.003 Abstract ( 163 )   PDF (2149KB) ( 225 )   In orthodontic treatment, massive retraction of the maxillary central teeth often leads to root resorption, which can affect the stability of treatment outcomes. In recent years, with the development of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) technology, researchers have discovered that the incisive canal may play a crucial role in this process. However, there are currently no systematic studies clarifying the specific role of the morphological characteristics of the incisive canal in root resorption, and sufficient clinical data to support these hypotheses are lacking. Currently, the application of artificial intelligence in medical image analysis has gradually made it possible to predict and prevent root resorption, which means large amounts of data are required to ensure the accuracy of predictions. Therefore, a detailed investigation about the morphology and size of the incisive canal, the positional relationship between the incisive canal and the incisors, and the correlation between incisive canal reconstruction and root resorption of maxillary central incisors is necessary, which could not only optimize orthodontic treatment plans for anterior tooth retraction, but also offer new approaches for minimizing the risk of root resorption. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hexokinase HK2 Activates STING Pathway to Exacerbate Bone Resorption in Apical Periodontitis LI Jiaqi, CHENG Shi, ZHOU Lu, WEN Yuanhao, MAO Hanqing, ZHANG Lu 2025, 41(6): 469-476.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.06.004 Abstract ( 282 )   PDF (6430KB) ( 368 )   Objective: To investigate the molecular mechanism by which hexokinase 2 (HK2) regulates bone resorption in apical periodontitis. Methods: Using RNA sequencing, the differences in glycolysis gene expression between human apical cysts/granulomas and normal mucosa were analyzed. Protein expression of HK2 was detected by immunohistochemistry. In vitro experiments: bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and HK2 inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG). Activation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway was analyzed by Western blot, and osteoclast differentiation ability was assessed by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. In vivo experiments: C57/BL6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 2DG while establishing a periapical periodontitis model (14 days/28 days). Bone resorption was quantified by micro-CT, osteoclasts were counted by TRAP staining in apical periodontitis tissue sections, and the expressions of HK2 and STING were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: Glycolysis-related genes were significantly up-regulated in apical periodontitis tissues. Immunohistochemical results showed that the expression of HK2 was significantly increased. After inhibition of HK2 by 2DG, the expression level of STING in LPS-induced BMDMs was decreased by 23.6% (P＜0.05), and osteoclast differentiation induced by LPS in BMDMs was reduced by 22.2% (P＜0.01). Animal experiments showed that 2DG treatment reduced the bone resorption, osteoclast number, and STING expression in mice with apical periodontitis. Conclusion: HK2-mediated glycolysis promotes macrophage osteoclastic differentiation by activating the STING signaling pathway. Inhibition of HK2 can alleviate bone resorption in apical periodontitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Innovative Negative Pressure Obturation Technique on Root Canal Filling MA Lisha, HE Xinyu, JIHU Kedi, HU Xin, ZHAO Jizhi 2025, 41(6): 477-481.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.06.005 Abstract ( 202 )   PDF (1421KB) ( 286 )   Objective: To explore the root canal filling effect of the innovative negative pressure obturation technique and assess its clinical practicability. Methods: Freshly extracted teeth were collected and randomly allocated into 4 groups after root canal preparation: (A) the innovative negative pressure obturation group, (B) the single-cone filling group, (C) the cold lateral compaction group, and (D) the warm vertical compaction group. X-rays were taken after the operation, and scored the length, density, and taper of the root fillings. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were conducted to measure and score the distance from the end of the root filling material to the radiographic apical foramen; teeth and root canals were screened to calculate the proportion of root filling bubbles and measure the maximum bubble diameter. Results: The X-ray outcomes indicated no statistically significant differences in the clinical scores of length, density, and taper among different filling techniques (P>0.05). The CBCT results demonstrated no significant difference in the distance from the end of the root filling material to the radiographic apical foramen among different filling methods (P>0.05), while different filling procedures had a significant impact on the proportion of bubbles in teeth and root canals (P<0.001). Conclusion: Based on imaging examinations, the innovative negative pressure obturation technique can achieve the same root canal filling effect as other root canal filling techniques and can serve as a non-inferior alternative treatment option for conventional root canal filling techniques. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effectiveness of Different Instruments in Removing Filling Materials from Oval Curved Root Canals CHENG Yuqi, LIU Ruiru, SI Yawei, DUAN Ke, MA Rui, XIAO Yan 2025, 41(6): 482-489.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.06.006 Abstract ( 145 )   PDF (4724KB) ( 200 )   Objective: To compare the effect and centering ability of Protaper Universal Retreatment (PTUR), Reciproc Blue (RB), and Re Treaty (RT) nickel-titanium files in oval curved root canals using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy were also utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of classic syringe-based irrigation (CSI), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and the XP4 auxiliary file (XP4) in removing residual root filling materials and the smear layer. Methods: (1) Retreatment with Nickel-Titanium Files: Forty-five ex vivo single-root canal premolars, which had undergone complete root canal filling, were selected and randomly divided into three groups (n=15): PTUR, RB, and RT. The volume of remaining root filling material and any root canal deviation were recorded for each group. (2) Auxiliary irrigation experiment: Following retreatment with RB, another set of 45 ex vivo single-root canal premolars were randomly divided into three groups (n=15): CSI, PUI, and XP4. For each group, the volume of remaining root filling material and the score of the smear layer on the inner wall of the root canal were recorded. Results: (1) There was no significant difference in the volume of remaining root filling material between the three groups of re-treated nickel-titanium instruments (P=0.620). At 2 mm from the root apex, the apical transportation offset of the RB group was significantly smaller than that of the PTUR group (P=0.027). (2) Compared with CSI and PUI, XP4 removed significantly more root canal filling material (P＜0.001). In the middle and apical third of the root, the cleaning effect of the XP4 group on the smear layer was significantly better than that of the CSI group(P＜0.05). Conclusion: The PTUR, RB, and RT file systems are all suitable for the retreatment of oval curved root canals. Compared with PUI and CSI, XP4 significantly improves the removal of residual root filling material and smear layer after reprocessing with nickel-titanium mechanical instruments. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Study on Optical Coherence Tomography Technique in Diagnosis and Resin-infiltration Efficacy Evaluation of Dental Fluorosis DING Yu, TIAN Jingyu, YANG Yuanyuan, HE Jingyu, MENG Jian, MENG Qingfei 2025, 41(6): 490-495.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.06.007 Abstract ( 171 )   PDF (4064KB) ( 164 )   Objective: To explore the feasibility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the diagnosis of dental fluorosis and evaluation of the resin infiltration efficacy through clinical research. Methods: Twenty patients with dental fluorosis who visited the Department of Stomatology of Xuzhou Central Hospital from July 2023 to June 2024 were selected as the experimental group, and twenty healthy individuals were selected as the control group. The upper central incisors in the control group underwent OCT scanning. All the incisors and premolars in both maxillary and mandibular arches of the patients in the experimental group were applied minimally invasive enamel whitening therapy comprising microabrasion, in-office bleaching, 17% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) pretreatment, and resin infiltration technique. The aesthetic treatment effectiveness of dental fluorosis was comprehensively evaluated by analyzing the OCT image data of the enrolled population's teeth, measuring the area of white spots, evaluating the color shade changes, and tooth surface index of fluorosis (TSIF) scores before treatment, immediately after resin infiltration, and the 6-month follow-up. Results: In the control group, the enamel surfaces in the OCT images were smooth, the enamel rods were clear, and the gray values and the thicknesses of the high-brightness layers were significantly higher than those in the experimental group (P<0.05). After bleaching combined with resin infiltration treatment, the aesthetic efficacy of the patients with dental fluorosis showed significant improvements in the thicknesses of the high-brightness layers, gray values, white spot area, TSIF scores, and color shade changes (P<0.05). Conclusion: In-office bleaching combined with resin infiltration can effectively improve the aesthetic effect of dental fluorosis, and the short-term efficacy is stable. The OCT technique can be an alternative method for the diagnosis and efficacy evaluation of dental fluorosis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Finite Element Analysis of Composite Resin Restoration in Injured Maxillary Central Incisors SHAO Tianyang, YU Miao, JI Yan, LI Xinhua, ZHAO Yue 2025, 41(6): 496-502.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.06.008 Abstract ( 163 )   PDF (4712KB) ( 213 )   Objective: To analyze the force distribution in the repair of maxillary central incisor trauma during the replacement stage using composite resin materials under different occlusal modes. Methods: The maxillary central incisors in the young permanent teeth with normal shape and size were selected, and three-dimensional finite element model of the maxillary central incisors was established by reverse engineering technology with the crown was cut and designed. According to different occlusal methods, it is divided into three groups of working conditions, working condition one: 0-degree to the long axis of the tooth; working condition 2: 45-degree to the long axis of the tooth; working condition 3: 60-degree to the long axis of the tooth. According to the different types of crown folds, each group contained 5 groups, i.e. group A: normal crowns; Group B: crown folded 2 mm; Group C: crown transverse fold 4 mm; Group D: crown obliquely folded 2 mm; Group E: crown obliquely folded 4 mm. Using the three-dimensional finite element method, the maximum stress and strain values of the tooth tissue after resin restoration of the central incisor with different crown and fold types were calculated under different occlusal modes. Results: When the traumatic tooth was loaded with a force at 0-degree, the maximum stress peak value of the transverse 4 mm group was 39.755 MPa, and the maximum strain peak value of the transverse 2 mm group was 0.0013441 mm. When the injured tooth was loaded with a force at 45-degree, the stress-strain peak value of the oblique fold 2 mm group was the largest with the stress peak at 426.10 MPa and the strain peak at 0.0099519 mm. When the wounded tooth was loaded with a force at 60-degree, the stress-strain peak value of the oblique fold 2 mm group was the largest with the stress peak value at 531.88 MPa and the strain peak value at 0.0124230 mm. Conclusion: The transverse fracture group had the highest loss rate when the traumatic teeth were subjected to a 0-degree occlusal force after composite resin restoration of the traumatic crown of the upper anterior teeth of young permanent teeth. When the injured tooth was subjected to a bite force of 45-degree and 60-degree, the loss rate was the highest in the oblique 2 mm group. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Structure of Oral Microflora and Its Correlation with Caries in Children Aged 3-5 Years Old in Yangpu of Shanghai SUN Fang, MENG Qingfang, NIE Lili, LIU Haixia 2025, 41(6): 503-510.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.06.009 Abstract ( 156 )   PDF (1964KB) ( 165 )   Objective: To analyze the structure of oral microflora and salivary biochemical indexes of early childhood caries (ECC), and to investigate the correlation between the caries status and the bacterial flora, through high-throughput sequencing on the saliva of different caries-affected children aged 3-5 years in Yangpu District, Shanghai. Methods: The children were divided into ECC group, severe early childhood caries (SECC), and control group based on their oral examination results. Saliva samples were collected to test the salivary biochemical indexes and analyze the flora structure by high-throughput sequencing. Linear regression analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between salivary biochemical indicators and decayed-missing-filled teeth index (DMFT). Replacement multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the correlation between bacterial species abundance and DMFT. Logistic regression modeling was used to analyze the correlation between salivary bacterial species abundance and salivary biochemical indices. Spearman correlation was used to construct a coexistence network between bacterial species. Results: Salivary Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NH4+, and Br- of the caries-affected children showed a linear positive correlation with DMFT, and NO3- and pH showed a linear negative correlation with the DMFT index (P<0.05). The abundance of melanin-producing Prevotella, Atopobium fissiparum, Atopobium very small, Streptococcus AY020, and Streptococcus pyogenes was higher than that of the control group, and the abundance of Porphyromonas CW034, sputum-producing Carbon dioxide-fibrillophile, and Streptococcus haematococcus was lower than that of the control group in both the SECC and ECC groups (P<0.05). Salivary Streptococcus pyogenes abundance was positively correlated with DMFT index, and Porphyromonas CW034 abundance was negatively correlated with DMFT index (P<0.05). Streptococcus pyogenes was positively associated with K+, Mg2+, Cl-, and Br-, and Porphyromonas CW034 was positively associated with NO3- (P<0.05). Streptococcus spp. and Coccidioides difficile spp. and Streptococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. synergistically contributed to the progression of ECC development in the coexistence network. Conclusion: Salivary biochemical parameters and microflora structure vary among children with different levels of caries, and Streptococcus pyogenes and Porphyromonas CW034 may be clinically indicative of early caries and progression to severe caries in children. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Health Status of Children’s First Permanent Molars in Fancheng District of Xiangyang City LIANG Shanshan, SUN Hanyi, ZHANG Jianjun, CHEN Yan 2025, 41(6): 511-516.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.06.010 Abstract ( 137 )   PDF (810KB) ( 164 )   Objective: To investigate the eruption, caries, and pit and fissure sealing of the first permanent molars among children in the third and fourth grades in Fancheng District of Xiangyang City. Methods: Data of examination on the first permanent molars of children in the third and fourth grades participating in China Children Oral Disease Comprehensive Intervention Project in Fancheng District of Xiangyang City in 2023 were collected and analyzed. Results: Among 5,447 children surveyed, the total eruption rate of first permanent molars was 79.14%, the caries prevalence was 26.84%, the mean decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) was 0.48±0.93, the mean decayed, missing and filled surfaces (DMFS) was 0.60±1.34, the ratio of caries filling was 27.54%, the rate of pit and fissure sealing was 17.35%, the rate of enamel hypoplasia was 4.17%, and 84.78% of children need pit and fissure sealing. The total eruption rate, caries prevalence, mean DMFT and mean DMFS of the first permanent molars were all higher among girls than among boys, and higher in the fourth grade than in the third grade. The maxillary teeth had a higher complete eruption rate and a lower caries prevalence rate than the mandibular ones. The pit and fissure sealing rate and the filling ratio in the third grade were both higher than those in the fourth grade, while the proportions of children requiring pit and fissure sealing were the opposite. The pit and fissure sealing rate among girls was higher than that among boys, while the proportions of children requiring pit and fissure sealing were the opposite. There was no significant difference in the filling rate of dental caries among children of different genders. Conclusion: The health status of the first permanent molars among children in the third and fourth grades in Fancheng District is not optimistic. With a serious caries problem, there is a great need for dental caries filling and pit and fissure sealing. It should be considered to strengthen the construction of oral health services. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Functional Analysis of IFT172 Mutations in Families with Non-syndromic Cleft Lip with or without Palate LUO Wendi, CAO Haiyan, ZUO Yining, HE Miao 2025, 41(6): 517-520.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.06.011 Abstract ( 145 )   PDF (2089KB) ( 111 )   Objective: To further define the pathogenic mechanism of intraflagellar transport 172 (IFT172) in cleft lip and palate through functional analysis of IFT172 mutations identified in two families with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate. Methods: The IFT172 mutations identified in the previous work were subject to conservation analysis and protein structure prediction. Wild-type and mutant plasmids were constructed and transfected into human embryonic palatal mesenchyme (HEPM) cells. Transcriptome sequencing was performed and differentially expressed genes were analysed. Results: Two missense mutations in the IFT172, c.4163A>G (p.Y1388C) and c.1507A>G (p.R503G), were highly conservative among different species, and both mutations resulted in altered spatial conformation of the protein. The differentially expressed genes were enriched in pathways such as necroptosis and regulation of cell pluripotency. Conclusion: The missense mutations in the IFT172 may be involved in cleft lip and palate by altering protein conformation and affecting necroptosis and cell pluripotency. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulation of Folliculin Interacting Protein 1 on Periodontitis ZHANG Caixia, ZHOU Yiwen, WEN Juan, HUANG Ziwei, LIN Shuang, YANG Ren, LI Huang, LI Guifeng 2025, 41(6): 521-528.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.06.012 Abstract ( 163 )   PDF (5731KB) ( 128 )   Objective: To explore the role and mechanism of folliculin interacting protein 1 (FNIP1) in periodontitis. Methods: Gingival tissues were collected from healthy volunteers and periodontitis patients. FNIP1 expression in the gingival tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Human periodontal stem cells (PDLSCs) were divided into control group (Con), Porphyromonas gingivalis group (P.g), FNIP1 siRNA group, P.g+FNIP1 siRNA group, and P.g+FNIP1 siRNA+Compound C (AMPK inhibitor) group. Western blot was used to detect the expression of FNIP1, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), adenosine 5‘-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), p-AMPK, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 lalpha (PGC-1α), and factors associated with mitochondrial. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy were used to detect the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and mitochondrial membrane potential changes. Results: Compared with healthy gingiva, FNIP1 expression was significantly increased in periodontitis’s gingival tissues. P.g could increase the expression of FNIP1 and TNF-α in PDLSCs, decrease the expression of p-AMPK and PGC-1α, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. FNIP1 siRNA could alleviate these phenomenons (P<0.05). However, Compound C could counteract the alleviation of FNIP1 siRNA partially. Conclusion: FNIP1 can regulate the inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction of periodontal ligament stem cells through the AMPK pathway. Inhibiting FNIP1 may be able to alleviate the development of periodontitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Treatment of Pre-eruptive Intracoronal Resorption in Permanent Maxillary Canine: A Case Report ZHU Ning, GAO Hong 2025, 41(6): 529-530.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.06.013 Abstract ( 138 )   PDF (1225KB) ( 141 )   The pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption refers to the abnormal defect of tooth tissue before eruption. The etiology of the disease is not clear, and there are no obvious clinical symptoms. The X-ray shows abnormal and well-defined local transmission images. The prevalence of the disease is 2.2%-4.1%, and most of the cases are accidentally found during imaging examinations. This paper reports a case of the pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption in a permanent maxillary canine, aiming to enrich the case database of this disease and provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Maxillofacial Vascular Malformations Associated with Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome: A Case Report MENG Xin, ZHANG Jingrui, ZHANG Shihan, CHENG Longlong, HOU Ming, WANG Maiquan, LIN Dongpeng, WANG Yonggong 2025, 41(6): 531-533.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.06.014 Abstract ( 125 )   PDF (4575KB) ( 117 )   Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) is a rare systemic vascular malformation-related disorder that primarily affects the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous system. Due to the potential risk of gastrointestinal and cerebral hemorrhage, it is crucial for oral physicians to recognize and refer patients to the appropriate departments to improve prognosis and enhance their quality of life. This article reports a case of BRBNS associated with vascular malformations in the maxillofacial region, and discusses its clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment strategies in conjunction with relevant literature. The aim is to raise awareness among oral physicians about this condition and to prevent missed or misdiagnoses. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Horizontal Impaction of Mandibular Third Molar and Supernumerary Fourth Molar: A Case Report YUAN Xiaodie, HU Lingran, LIU Li, WANG Hong, DING Xiaobo, HUANG Yuanyuan, FU Yu 2025, 41(6): 534-536.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.06.015 Abstract ( 151 )   PDF (2069KB) ( 136 )   Supernumerary teeth are categorized as the abnormal numerical development of teeth. These teeth are most frequently seen in the maxillary anterior region, but rarely found in the third molar region. This paper reports a rare case of simultaneous horizontal impaction of the mandibular third molar and supernumerary fourth molar, which were successfully extracted under general anesthesia. By combining this case with relevant literature, we aim to discuss the clinical features and treatment options for this condition in order to assist clinicians in diagnosis and management. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Case Report of Multiple Surgical Treatments for Gingival Recession Based on the GRD Classification System WEN Yuting, LI Sihong, BAI Xueying, HUANG Siyu, WANG Shuining, YANG Dong 2025, 41(6): 537-542.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.06.016 Abstract ( 166 )   PDF (5215KB) ( 167 )   Gingival recession has a non-negligible impact on patients' aesthetics and oral health. The resulting root surface exposure and reduced keratinized gingiva make it difficult to self-control plaque accumulation, thereby challenging the long-term maintenance of periodontal health and stability . The selection of treatment options for gingival recession is relatively diverse. This article reports the entire treatment process of a patient with multiple gingival recessions, analyzed the specific conditions of tooth sites with gingival recession, according to the GRD classification (Chambrone, 2021), corresponding treatment plans were formulated, achieved good root coverage effects. References | Related Articles | Metrics