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Research Progress on Pathogenic Mechanism of Gingipain in Cardiovascular Diseases XIONG Manwen, LIU Min 2025, 41(7): 547-551.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.07.001 Abstract ( 177 )   PDF (794KB) ( 238 )   Gingipain is a special protease secreted by Porphyromonas gingivalis, the main pathogen of periodontitis. It not only destroys periodontal tissues, but also enters the blood from damaged gums, spreads to distal organs, and directly damages cardiovascular tissues. In addition, it also indirectly affects the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases by inducing the body's immune response and causing mild systemic inflammation. This article reviews the biological characteristics of gingipain, its pathogenic mechanism in cardiovascular diseases, and its role in the interaction between periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases, aiming to provide a basis for a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of cardiovascular diseases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on Clinical Application of Trans-sinus Implant ZHENG Yue, ZHANG Senlin 2025, 41(7): 552-555.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.07.002 Abstract ( 148 )   PDF (1559KB) ( 150 )   Trans-sinus implant is a technique for the immediate fixed restoration of the posterior maxilla in patients with reduced bone height and sinus pneumatization. A longer implant can be inserted, with crestal position at the first molar or at the second premolar and with 30°-45° degrees of mesial inclination, through the sinus to have its apical portion anchored in the anterior sinus wall bone, engaging 3 cortical layers: the alveolar crestal bone, floor of the sinus cavity, and anterior sinus wall with its body. The level of primary stability is theoretically higher than conventional implant insertion with simultaneous sinus elevation. Therefore, delivering an immediate restoration is possible, resulting in reduced total treatment time and the prompt reestablishment of function and esthetics for the patient. This approach is suggested in the posterior maxilla atrophy and when an 'L'(or concave) anterior sinus wall anatomy is present. This technique could be considered as the first choice of treatment option when indicated due to some clinical advantages to utilization of zygomatic implants. There is less surgical morbidity and is similar to a standard lateral sinus approach. Potential complications compared to zygomatic implants are reduced as the surgical trauma to the patient during operative period is reduced. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Measurement Methods and Correction Techniques for Transverse Canting of Occlusal Plane LAN Jing, WU Jun 2025, 41(7): 556-561.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.07.003 Abstract ( 154 )   PDF (1916KB) ( 83 )   The control of the occlusal plane is extremely important, as the angle of the occlusal plane affects the patient's aesthetics and masticatory function. Occlusal plane cant is one of the common facial asymmetry phenomena in clinical practice, mainly characterized by the buccal plane on both sides of the coronal plane not being on the same horizontal level. The causes are complex and related to the position of the temporomandibular joints, jaw development, and even the sagittal position of the teeth. The degree of occlusal plane cant can be assessed through frontal photographs, clinical observation, and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Occlusal plane cant is a challenging issue for orthodontists in terms of examination, diagnosis, and treatment. This article provides a comprehensive review of the measurement methods and correction techniques for occlusal plane cant. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on 56 Cases of Iatrogenic High-density Foreign Bodies in Oral Tissues YU Qiunan, ZHAO Jihong 2025, 41(7): 562-567.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.07.004 Abstract ( 116 )   PDF (4623KB) ( 197 )   Objective: To investigate the etiology, diagnosis, and management strategies for iatrogenic high-density foreign bodies in oral tissues. Methods: Fifty-six cases of iatrogenic high-density foreign bodies in oral tissues treated by our team were enrolled between 2017 and 2024. The cohort consisted of 23 males and 33 females, with ages ranging from 6 to 74 years. The foreign bodies were located in the maxilla (21 cases), mandible (24 cases), and oral soft tissues (11 cases). Of the 56 cases, 51 involved a single foreign body, while 5 cases contained two or more. Forty-one of them exhibited clinical symptoms. All patients requested the removal of the foreign bodies. Results: All 56 foreign bodies were successfully removed. Among the 41 patients with clinical symptoms, 39 patients completely resolved the symptoms, and 2 patients with lower lip numbness had significant improvement. Conclusion: The removal of iatrogenic foreign bodies in oral tissues effectively alleviates psychological distress and significantly resolves or improves clinical symptoms in patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prognostic Value of D-dimer in Patients with Medication-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Treated Surgically WANG Rui, HE Jinyuan, PU Yumei, CHEN Xin, SUN Guowen 2025, 41(7): 568-573.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.07.005 Abstract ( 134 )   PDF (861KB) ( 120 )   Objective: To analyze the prognostic value of preoperative plasma D-dimer level in patients with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) by analyzing the D-dimer level in combination with basic clinical data. Methods: A total of 102 patients with MRONJ who underwent surgical treatment in Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University from January 2021 to August 2024 were selected. The basic clinical data, including original disease, classification and stage, medication type, surgical method, and disease prognosis, were retrospectively analyzed. SPSS statistical software was used to draw the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to calculate the optimal cut-off value of D-dimer, and the data were divided into groups. Chi-square test was used to compare the clinical data between groups, and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze whether there were differences in clinical data between high and low level groups. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the correlation between D-dimer level and the prognosis of patients with MRONJ. Results: The optimal cut-off value of D-dimer was 0.975 mg/L. According to the D-dimer level, the patients were divided into high and low groups, and the chi-square test between the two groups showed that there were differences in the surgical methods received by the patients between the high and low D-dimer groups (P<0.05). Multivariate Cox regression model analysis showed that D-dimer ≥0.975 mg/L was a risk factor affecting the prognosis of patients (P<0.05), and Kaplan-Meier method showed that the high level of plasma D-dimer predicted a worse prognosis than the low level group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Preoperative plasma D-dimer level≥0.975 mg/L has a relatively poor prognosis in patients with MRONJ. D-dimer level can be used as an effective prognostic predictor for MRONJ patients, which can improve risk stratification, clear individualized treatment, guide clinical selection of appropriate treatment methods, and reduce the pain caused by postoperative recurrence. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Risk Factors for Adjacent Structural Influence Caused by Single Buried Supernumerary Tooth in Upper Incisor Area LIU Xiaolin, REN Qun, LI Mingyang, ZHANG Xiao, LIU Wenjing, FENG Xiaowei 2025, 41(7): 574-580.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.07.006 Abstract ( 120 )   PDF (3739KB) ( 45 )   Objective: To explore the risk factors that may affect adjacent structures by analyzing the characteristics of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in patients with single impacted supernumerary teeth in the upper incisor area. Methods: CBCT was observed in 182 patients with single impacted supernumerary teeth in the upper incisor area, and statistical analysis was conducted on the morphology, direction, position, root development, and impact on adjacent structures of supernumerary teeth. Results: The impact of supernumerary teeth on adjacent structures was related to the patient's age, the horizontal position of supernumerary teeth, and the development of adjacent tooth roots (P<0.05). It was not related to the patient's gender, morphology, orientation, vertical position, sagittal position, or root development of supernumerary teeth (P>0.05). Moreover, the horizontal position of supernumerary teeth located between 11-21 was more likely to affect adjacent structures compared to those located between 12-11 and 21-22 (P<0.05, OR=0.342/0.387). When the root development of adjacent teeth reached stages 7 and 8, compared to when the root development of adjacent teeth was complete, supernumerary teeth were more likely to have severe effects (P<0.05, OR=0.027/0.525). Conclusion: When single impacted supernumerary tooth is located horizontally between 11-21 in the upper incisor area, and when the root of adjacent teeth develops to stage 7 or 8, supernumerary teeth should be removed as early as possible to prevent them from affecting adjacent structures. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Fluorosis on Osteoclast Activity and RANK/RANKL/OPG Pathway Expression during Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mice LIANG Huimin, JIA Ying, DING Xue, LIU Chun 2025, 41(7): 581-588.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.07.007 Abstract ( 124 )   PDF (4367KB) ( 51 )   Objective: To investigate the impact of chronic fluorosis on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in rats by assessing alterations in osteoclast activity and the expression levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG). Methods: Eighty SD rats were evenly divided into four groups using a random number table: control group, orthodontic group, fluoridated group, and fluoridated orthodontic group with each group divided into 3-day, 7-day, 14-day, and 21-day subgroups (n=5/subgroup). After establishing the fluorosis and OTM models, osteoclast counts were determined via tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Protein and mRNA expression levels of RANKL, OPG, and RANK were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results: Rats in the fluoridated group exhibited grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ dental fluorosis, with fluoride levels higher than control group (P<0.05). After orthodontic treatment, a significant gap appeared between the first and second molars of the mice, indicating the successful establishment of chronic fluorosis and OTM models. TRAP-positive osteoclasts were significantly increased in mice after orthodontic treatment (P<0.05), while fluoridated orthodontic group had significantly fewer osteoclasts than the orthodontic group (P<0.05). RANK expression in fluoridated orthodontic group was higher than that in fluoridated group (P<0.05), but not significantly different from that in orthodontic group (P>0.05). RANKL expression was the highest in orthodontic group, and higher than that in fluoridated orthodontic group (P<0.05). OPG expression was the highest in orthodontic group, particularly in the initial stage (P<0.05). The RANKL/OPG ratio in fluoridated group was lower than that in control group (P<0.05), and orthodontic group had a higher ratio than fluoridated orthodontic group. Mice with chronic fluorosis exhibited a typical "fast-slow-rebound" cycle of orthodontic tooth movement, with fluoridated orthodontic group featuring lower initial velocity than orthodontic group (P<0.05), and no significant difference in later stages. Conclusion: Fluoride accumulation affects the expression of RANK/RANKL/OPG, reduces osteoclast activity, and ultimately restricts orthodontic tooth movement. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on Therapeutic Effect of Miniscrew-assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion Combined with Anterior Traction LIU Bing, WANG Ningning, GOU Xinyue, ZENG Jia, LIU Jihui 2025, 41(7): 589-593.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.07.008 Abstract ( 121 )   PDF (1692KB) ( 49 )   Objective: To investigate the efficacy of miniscrew-assisted rapid maxillary expansion combined with anterior traction in treating horizontal and sagittal underdevelopment of the maxilla. Methods: A total of 20 patients [11 males and 9 females, age (11.7±1.0) years] with maxillary horizontal and sagittal hypoplasia were selected. CBCT was collected before treatment, at the end of arch expansion, at the end of anterior extension, and at the end of treatment. The indicators reflecting jaw horizontal orientation, sagittal orientation, and soft tissue profile were measured at each treatment stage, and the changes of jaw bone and soft tissue profile were analyzed and explored. Results: The width of maxillary basal bone and basal bone arch increased significantly after treatment. There was no significant difference in the width of mandibular basal arch before and after treatment. A-Nperp, A-Sperp, Wits, SNA°, and FH-NA° increased gradually during treatment. The subnasal point-zero meridian became larger, and the premental point-zero meridian, the lower lip -TVL, and the premental point -TVL became smaller. Conclusion: Miniscrew-assisted rapid maxillary expansion combined with anterior traction can effectively treat maxillary horizontal and sagittal hypoplasia, and the side appearance was improved. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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In Vitro Accuracy Study of Intraoral Scanning versus CBCT in Evaluating Implant Positioning LIN Yuxuan, ZHANG Sihui, CHEN Jiang 2025, 41(7): 594-600.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.07.009 Abstract ( 129 )   PDF (3754KB) ( 77 )   Objective: To analyze the consistency between intraoral scanning (IOS) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in evaluating implant positioning through in vitro experiments and to explore the feasibility of replacing CBCT with IOS. Methods: Ten resin models simulating dentition defects were constructed based on missing tooth positions and implant numbers. Postoperative scans were performed using IOS (4 scans per group) and CBCT (1 scan per group). Deviations at the implant neck, apex, depth, and angulation were measured using reverse engineering software, followed by analysis of trueness (n=4) and precision (n=6). Results: Trueness results revealed neck deviation of (0.174±0.080) mm, apex deviation of (0.310±0.098) mm, depth deviation of (0.131±0.077) mm, and angular deviation of (1.311±0.486)°. Except for depth deviation (P>0.05), all other deviations significantly increased with the number of implants (P<0.05). Precision analysis demonstrated significantly higher deviations in the free-end group compared to the non-free-end group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Intraoral scanning may serve as a viable alternative to CBCT for assessing implant positioning accuracy in surgical planning and avoiding postoperative radiation exposure, however, further clinical validation is warranted. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Study on Mandibular Canal Clarity in Middle-aged and Elderly Female Implant Patients Using Different CBCT Devices LUO Xuhui, LIU Shu, TENG Yuehui, LIN Zitong 2025, 41(7): 601-606.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.07.010 Abstract ( 106 )   PDF (2131KB) ( 57 )   Objective: To compare the clarity of mandibular canal on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images with different CBCT devices in middle-aged and elderly female patients. Methods: A total of 70 middle-aged and elderly female patients from our hospital had their CBCT images captured using two different CBCT devices. Device 1 was the NewTom VGi (voltage: 110 kV, current: 1-12 mA, voxel size: 0.30 mm, field of view: 12×8 cm, exposure time: 4.3 s), and Device 2 was the Kavo 3D exam (voltage: 120 kV, current: 5 mA, voxel size: 0.25 mm, field of view: 16×13 cm, exposure time: 7 s). Radiologists assessed the clarity of the mandibular canal in the CBCT images using a three-level scoring. The clarity scores of the mandibular canal from the two CBCT devices were statistically analyzed using SPSS. In addition, radiologists provided a two-levels noise scoring for the axial images of the two CBCT devices. Results: The clarity score of the mandibular canal for Device 1 was lower than that for Device 2 (P<0.05). Subgroup analysis indicated that the difference in mandibular canal clarity between the Device 1 (1-4 mA) subgroup and Device 2 was statistically significant (P<0.05), while the differences in mandibular canal clarity between Device 2 and the Device 1 (5-7 mA) subgroup as well as the (8-12 mA) subgroup were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Apart from the current settings, the two CBCT image reconstruction algorithms showed significant differences. The images from Device 1 had no noticeable noise, while the images from Device 2 exhibited more evident noise, suggesting that the reconstruction algorithms of the two devices may differ to some extent. Conclusion: For middle-aged and elderly female implant patients, CBCT scanning parameters and image reconstruction algorithms should be selected reasonably to improve the clarity of the mandibular canal on CBCT images. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Hydrogenated TiO2 Nanotube of 3D-printed Titanium Alloy on Biological Behavior of Human Gingival Fibroblasts GUO Yatong, ZHANG Zheng, CHEN Su, ZHANG Yan 2025, 41(7): 607-614.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.07.011 Abstract ( 132 )   PDF (5826KB) ( 123 )   Objective: To study the surface properties of 3D-printed titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) with hydrogenated TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) prepared by selective laser melting (SLM) technology, and its influence on the biological behavior of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Methods: 3D-printed titanium alloy specimens (3D-Ti) were prepared by SLM technology and subjected to electrochemical anodic oxidation. 3D-TNTs were formed, which were further subjected to high-temperature hydrogenation treatment to obtain 3D-H2-TNTs. Mimic polished titanium alloy (MP-Ti) were used as the control group. The surface morphology, hydrophilicity, and roughness of MP-Ti, 3D-Ti, 3D-TNTs, and 3D-H2-TNTs were measured and analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurement instrument, surface roughness measurement instrument, and atomic force microscope. HGFs were cultured on the surfaces of the four groups materials, and the cell morphology was observed by SEM. The early adhesion and proliferation of cells were detected by fluorescence staining (DAPI) and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect the expression of adhesion-related genes and fibronectin (FN). Results: The surface of the nano-titanium spheres of 3D-Ti was anodized to obtain a radial, regular, and ordered nanotube structure. After further hydrogenation, a superhydrophilic surface with a contact angle less than 5° was obtained. Cell experiments showed that HGFs on the surface of 3D-H2-TNTs were the most spreading, with more and longer pseudopodia, and the number of early cell adhesion was significantly higher than the other three groups (P<0.05) in the early 4 hours of culture. The proliferation of HGFs on 3D-Ti, MP-Ti, 3D-H2-TNTs, and 3D-TNTs decreased gradually when the culture time was extended to 1, 3, 5 days. Compared to the early stage of cell culture, the dominance of 3D-H2-TNTs in promoting cell growth disappeared. The expression of integrin-beta 1 (ITG-β1), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), vinculin (VCL), and FN secretion of HGFs on the 3D-H2-TNTs were significantly increased compared with the control group (P<0.05) at 4 hours and 1 day. Conclusion: The superhydrophilic micro/nano composite morphology can be formed on the surface of 3D printed titanium alloy by electrochemical anodization and high temperature hydrogenation, which can promote the early adhesion and proliferation of HGFs and enhance the expression of adhesion-related genes and fibronectin. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optical Coherence Tomography Evaluation on Impact of Implantation Angle of Micro Implants on Cortical Bone Micro Damage XIE Weihua, WAN Qian, JIANG Liping, HU Chengqiong, CHAO Qiwen, TANG Zhen 2025, 41(7): 615-621.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.07.012 Abstract ( 82 )   PDF (8609KB) ( 39 )   Objective: To evaluate cortical bone micro damage resulting from micro-implant placement at different angles through optical coherence tomography (OCT), and to invest the impact of insertion angles on cortical bone integrity and the potential method to non-invasive oral tissue examination. Methods: Forty-eight micro-implants were randomly inserted into bovine ribs and categorized into three groups based on insertion angles: A1 (30°), A2 (45°), and A3 (90°), with 16 implants per group. Both OCT and Micro CT imaging were utilized for qualitative and quantitative analyses. Results: The observed micro damage primarily manifested as microcracks, micro-elevation, and bone fragments. Group A1 exhibited the most severe micro damage, followed by Group A2, while Group A3 showed the least damage. OCT imaging demonstrated superior contrast compared to Micro CT, enabling clearer identification of micro damage patterns. Conclusion: Micro damage in peri-implant bone diminishes with greater insertion angles. Furthermore, OCT shows promise as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for oral tissue examination, with potential applications in chairside detection. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Accidental Displacement of Mandibular Third Molar to Parapharyngeal Space: A Case Report LI Shiyong, LI Ming, WU Yong, MA Wen, ZHANG Xin, WANG Sihang, FU Shuai 2025, 41(7): 622-624.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.07.013 Abstract ( 125 )   PDF (1749KB) ( 120 )   Iatrogenic mandibular third molar displacement is a rare but recognized intraoperative complication, where the displaced tooth or root may cause symptoms such as foreign body reactions, infections, pain, limited mouth opening, and dysphagia. This article reports a case of accidental displacement of a mandibular third molar to the pharyngeal space. Through literature review, the paper introduces how to avoid tooth and root displacement during the extraction of the third molar, as well as the corresponding treatment measures after displacement. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Autonomous Dental Implant Robot-assisted Early Implant Restoration of Hard and Soft Tissue Defects in Aesthetic Zone: A Case Report SHI Jiafan, FENG Bo, LIU Lulu, SUN Mingze, LOU An, GONG Lingling, LI Ming 2025, 41(7): 625-628.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.07.014 Abstract ( 109 )   PDF (5487KB) ( 53 )   This paper reports an early implantation in the aesthetic zone assisted by autonomous implant robot combined with guided bone regeneration (GBR) to achieve simultaneous bone augmentation, which ultimately resulted in a favorable red and white aesthetic restoration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Flord Cemento-osseous Dysplasia Followed through 12 Years: A Case Report GE Zhipu, ZHANG Xuejian, DENG Yue, WANG Mingzhen 2025, 41(7): 629-632.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.07.015 Abstract ( 116 )   PDF (5290KB) ( 58 )   Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia (FCOD) is a non-neoplastic fibro-osseous lesion which often affects tooth-bearing areas of the jaws. In this paper, a case of FCOD was reported, and its radiological characteristics in the past 12 years were mainly discussed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Surgical Excision of Peripheral Fiant Cell Granuloma: A 2-year Follow-up Case Report ZHANG Aijuan, ZHANG Maoqi, CAO Zhengguo, WANG Xiaoxuan 2025, 41(7): 633-636.  DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2025.07.016 Abstract ( 153 )   PDF (4996KB) ( 118 )   This article reports a 2-year follow-up of a gingival epulis excision case, exploring surgical approaches selection and recurrence risks. The choice of surgical approaches requires comprehensive evaluation of keratinized tissue width (KTW), potential pathological types, and local irritants.For lesions with intact epithelium, complete involvement of keratinized gingiva, or postoperative KTW＜2 mm, partial gingival epithelium preservation may be considered.However,vigilance is required for pathological types with high recurrence tendencies, (e.g., giant cell granuloma). The study emphasizes systematic management of gingival fibromas, highlighting that preoperative completion of periodontal therapy, elimination of local irritants, and long-term maintenance constitute the cornerstone of recurrence control. References | Related Articles | Metrics